Chapter 39

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,Electronic, and Computer Systems, Fifth EditionBy James D. Halderman 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

OBJECTIVESAfter studying Chapter 39, the reader will be able to:Describe the different types of hybrid electric vehicles.Explain how a hybrid vehicle is able to achieve an improvement in fuel economy compared to a conventional vehicle design.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various hybrid designs.Describe HEV components, including motors, energy sources, and motor controllers.Discuss the operation of a typical hybrid electric vehicle.


HYBRID VEHICLEA hybrid vehicle is one that uses two different methods to propel the vehicle. A hybrid electric vehicle, abbreviated HEV uses both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to propel the vehicle. Most hybrid vehicles use a highvoltage battery pack and a combination electric motor and generator to help or assist a gasoline engine.


HYBRID VEHICLEThe internal combustion engine (ICE) used in a hybrid vehicle can be either gasoline or diesel, although only gasoline-powered engines are currently used in hybrid vehicles. An electric motor is used to help propel the vehicle, and in some designs, is capable of propelling the vehicle alone without having to start the internal combustion engine.Background


HYBRID VEHICLEFIGURE 39-1 View of the components of the General Motors electric vehicle (EV-1).Many of the features of this vehicle, such as regenerative braking and DC-to-DC converters, currently used on hybrid vehicles were first put into production on this vehicle.


HYBRID VEHICLEFIGURE 39-2 General Motors EV1 shown without the body.


DRIVING AND OWNING A HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLEDriving a hybrid electric vehicle is the same as driving any other conventional vehicle. In fact, many drivers and passengers are often not aware they are driving or riding in a hybrid electric vehicle.


CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLESThe types of hybrid-electric vehicles include:SeriesParallelSeries-parallel designs


CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLESFIGURE 39-3 A drawing of the power flow in a typical series hybrid vehicle.


CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLESFIGURE 39-4 This diagram shows the components included in a typical series hybrid design. The solid-line arrow indicates the transmission of torque to the drive wheels. The dotted-line arrows indicate the transmission of electrical current.


CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLESFIGURE 39-5 The power flowin a typical parallel hybrid vehicle.


CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLESFIGURE 39-6 Diagram showing the components involved in a typical parallel-hybrid vehicle. The solid-line arrows indicate the transmission of torque to the drive wheels, and the dotted-line arrows indicate the flow of electrical current.


CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLESFIGURE 39-7 A series-parallel hybrid design allows the vehicle to operate in electric motor mode only or in combination with the internal combustion engine.


BELT ALTERNATOR STARTER SYSTEMSThe belt system, commonly called the belt alternator starter (BAS), is the least expensive system that can be used and still claim that the vehicle is a hybrid. For many buyers, cost is a major concern and the BAS system allows certain hybrid features without the cost associated with an entire redesign of the engine and power train. Consumers will be able to upgrade from conventional models to BAS hybrids at a reasonable cost and will get slightly better fuel economy.


BELT ALTERNATOR STARTER SYSTEMSFIGURE 39-8 This chart shows what is occurring during various driving conditions in a BAS-type hybrid.


BELT ALTERNATOR STARTER SYSTEMSFIGURE 39-9 The components of a typical belt alternator-starter (BAS) system.


CAN HYBRIDS USE THE HOV LANE?FIGURE 39-10 This sticker on a hybrid vehicle allows the driver to use the high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes even if there is only one person in the vehicle as a way to increase demand for hybrid vehicles in California.


BELT ALTERNATOR STARTER SYSTEMSFIGURE 39-11 A reversible starter/alternator is used to provide idle stop function to conventional vehicles. This very limited and low cost system is called a micro-hybrid drive.


BELT ALTERNATOR STARTER SYSTEMSMicro-Hybrid Drive SystemCommon Features of Most HybridsIdle stopRegenerative brakingPower assistEngine-off drive-electric vehicle mode


LEVELS OF HYBRID VEHICLESThe term hybrid refers to a type of vehicle. However, there are different levels of hybridization among hybrids on the market. Different vehicle manufacturers use various hybrid technologies.Mild HybridMedium HybridFull HybridEfficiencies of Electric Motors and Internal Combustion EnginesElectric Motors


SUMMARYHybrids use two different power sources to propel the vehicle.A mild hybrid with a lower voltage system (3650 volts) is capable of increasing fuel economy and reducing exhaust emissions but is not capable of using the electric motor alone to propel the vehicle.A medium hybrid uses a higher voltage than a mild hybrid (140150 volts) and offers increased fuel economy over a mild hybrid design but is not capable of operating using the electric motor alone.A full or strong hybrid uses a high-voltage system (250650 volts) and is capable of operating using the electric motor(s) alone and achieves the highest fuel economy improvement of all types of hybrids.


SUMMARYEarly in vehicle history, electric vehicles were more popular than either steam- or gasoline-powered vehicles.Legislation passed in California in 1998, which mandated zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), caused the vehicle manufacturers to start producing electric vehicles. When the law was changed to allow the substitution of other vehicles that produced lower emissions, but not zero, it helped promote the introduction of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).A hybrid vehicle is defined as having two power sources to propel the vehicle.Electric motors are perfect for vehicle use because they produce torque at lower speed, whereas internal combustion engines need to have an increased speed before they produce maximum power and torque.


REVIEW QUESTIONSWhat were the major reasons for the development of electric and hybrid electric vehicles?Which type of hybrid electric vehicle is the type manufactured today?What are the advantages and disadvantages of mild, medium, and full hybrid vehicles?Why does a BAS system cost less than the other types of hybrid vehicles?What are the four modes of operation of a typical hybrid vehicle?


CHAPTER QUIZThe GM EV1 was what type of vehicle?Totally electric poweredA first-generation hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)A series-type HEVA parallel-type HEV


CHAPTER QUIZThe GM EV1 was what type of vehicle?Totally electric poweredA first-generation hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)A series-type HEVA parallel-type HEV


CHAPTER QUIZ2.Which type of hybrid uses 36 to 42 volts?Mild hybridMedium hybridFull hybridStrong hybrid


CHAPTER QUIZ2.Which type of hybrid uses 36 to 42 volts?Mild hybridMedium hybridFull hybridStrong hybrid


CHAPTER QUIZ3.Which type of hybrid is capable of propelling the vehicle using just the electric motor?BAS typeStrong (full) hybridMedium hybridMild hybrid


CHAPTER QUIZ3.Which type of hybrid is capable of propelling the vehicle using just the electric motor?BAS typeStrong (full) hybridMedium hybridMild hybrid


CHAPTER QUIZ4.About how fast does a motor-generator crank the internal combustion engine?About 1000 RPMAbout 2000 RPMAbout 150300 RPMAbout 400600 RPM


CHAPTER QUIZ4.About how fast does a motor-generator crank the internal combustion engine?About 1000 RPMAbout 2000 RPMAbout 150300 RPMAbout 400600 RPM


CHAPTER QUIZ5.Which type of hybrid electric design costs the least?Strong hybrid designSeries hybrid designParallel hybrid designBAS design


CHAPTER QUIZ5.Which type of hybrid electric design costs the least?Strong hybrid designSeries hybrid designParallel hybrid designBAS design


CHAPTER QUIZ6.Which type of hybrid electric vehicle has idle stop operation?Strong hybrids onlyStrong, mild, and medium hybridsMild hybrids onlyMedium hybrids only


CHAPTER QUIZ6.Which type of hybrid electric vehicle has idle stop operation?Strong hybrids onlyStrong, mild, and medium hybridsMild hybrids onlyMedium hybrids only


CHAPTER QUIZ7.Technician A says that most hybrids require that they be plugged into an electrical outlet at night to provide the electrical power to help propel the vehicle. Technician B says that the internal combustion engine in an HEV will often stop running when the vehicle is stopped. Which technician is correct?Technician A onlyTechnician B onlyBoth Technicians A and BNeither Technician A nor B


CHAPTER QUIZ7.Technician A says that most hybrids require that they be plugged into an electrical outlet at night to provide the electrical power to help propel the vehicle. Technician B says that the internal combustion engine in an HEV will often stop running when the vehicle is stopped. Which technician is correct?Technician A onlyTechnician B onlyBoth Technicians A and BNeither Technician A nor B


CHAPTER QUIZ8.Technician A says that most hybrids use the series hybrid design. Technician B says that most hybrids have 42-volt batteries. Which technician is correct?Technician A onlyTechnician B onlyBoth Technicians A and BNeither Technician A nor B


CHAPTER QUIZ8.Technician A says that most hybrids use the series hybrid design. Technician B says that most hybrids have 42-volt batteries. Which technician is correct?Technician A onlyTechnician B onlyBoth Technicians A and BNeither Technician A nor B


CHAPTER QUIZ9.Electric motors are better than an internal combustion engine to propel a vehicle because _________.They produce high torque at low speedsThey do not burn fuel and therefore do not release carbon dioxide into the environmentThey are quietAll of the above are correct


CHAPTER QUIZ9.Electric motors are better than an internal combustion engine to propel a vehicle because _________.They produce high torque at low speedsThey do not burn fuel and therefore do not release carbon dioxide into the environmentThey are quietAll of the above are correct


CHAPTER QUIZ10.All of the following are characteristic of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), except _________.High voltages (safety issue)Lower fuel economyLower amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphereQuiet


CHAPTER QUIZ10.All of the following are characteristic of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), except _________.High voltages (safety issue)Lower fuel economyLower amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphereQuiet


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Chapter 39

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