Chapter 34 Chapter 34 NotesNotes

Animal BehaviorAnimal Behavior

(Ethology)(Ethology)

BehaviorBehavior – an organism’s reaction to changes in – an organism’s reaction to changes in its internal condition or external environment.its internal condition or external environment.

Anything an animal does in response to Anything an animal does in response to environmental stimulus.environmental stimulus.

• Example:Stimulus ResponsePresence of peahen peacock displaying colorful tailChange in daylength whales wintering in S. Calif.Heat of the desert sun lizard seeking shadeMovement of potential prey tiger shark swimming toward

movement

Inherited BehaviorInherited Behavior - behavior patterns - behavior patterns that are genetically programmed. that are genetically programmed.

p.873p.8731.) Innate behavior (inborn behavior)

• Inherited behavior of animals, fully functional on first performance. (mammal nursing/ spider web weaving)

• Consisting of automatic response and instinctive behavior.

A.) Automatic response (quick)

• Reflex – simple response; no conscious control.

• Fight or flight – mobilizes the body for greater activity (fight or run)

B. Instinctive behavior (complex pattern)• Courtship behavior – species recognition.• Territoriality – physical space defended.• Aggressive behavior – growling/teeth baring.• Migration – seasonal movement cycle of

animals.• Hibernation – physiological change that

reduces an animal’s need for energy.• Circadian rhythms – sleep at night, awake

during day for example.

Learned Behavior Learned Behavior (Acquired behavior) p. 873(Acquired behavior) p. 873

Learned Behavior – behavior patterns that develop/change over time through practice/experience.

1.Habituation : stimulus repeatedly given not associated with punishment or reward; eventually animal ceases to respond to stimulus.

2.Classical Conditioning: learning by association; Pavlov’s dog experiment.

3. Operant Conditioning (Trial and Error Learning): Learning in which an animal receives a reward for a particular response; motivation commands quicker learning. First described by B.F. Skinner, American psychologist; Invented the “Skinner Box” around 1930.

4. Insight: Learning based on previous experience when responding to a new situation.

Experimental example: a hungry chimpanzee was able to reach bananas suspended overhead by stacking boxes on top of one another, then climbing the stack and successfully feeding.

• Imprinting: occurs at a specific critical time in life; social attachment established. Imprinting is believed to be unchangeable once it has occurred.

• Involves both innate and learned behavior.

• Imprinting example: Newly hatched ducks/geese learn to recognize/follow the first moving object they see, usually their mother.

• Ivan Pavlov, Russian physiologist, 1900; won the Nobel Prize in 1904.

• B.F. Skinner, American psychologist; Invented the “Skinner Box” around 1930.