Chapter 33, Section 4 “The Cold War Divides the World”
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Transcript of Chapter 33, Section 4 “The Cold War Divides the World”
I. Fighting for the Third World A. Cold War Strategies
1. U.S., Soviet Union, & China all used techniques to
gain influence in the Third World a. backed wars of revolution,
liberation, or counterrevolution b. CIA & KGB used secret activities
(ex. spying) c. the U.S. gave military & financial
aid
B. Association of Nonaligned Nations 1. some nations wished to stay neutral in
the Cold War 2. 1955 – Bandung Conference formed …
a. nonaligned nations (independent countries)
3. India and Indonesia were able to maintain neutrality
II. Confrontations in Latin America A. Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution
1. Fulgencio Batista a. unpopular dictator; had U.S. support
2. Fidel Castro a. led revolution to overthrow Batista, 1959 b. brought social reforms & improved
economy c. harsh dictator
1. stopped elections, jailed/executed opponents, controlled press
d. Nationalized Cuban economy & took over U.S. – owned sugar mills & refineries
1. President Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with Cuba
a. Castro turned to Soviets for help
Fidel Castro
3. The Bay of Pigs a. CIA trained anti-Castro Cuban
exiles b. April 1961 – they invaded Cuba,
landing at the Bay of Pigs c. U.S. did not provide air support d. embarrassment for the U.S.
B. Nuclear Face-Off: the Cuban Missile Crisis 1. Nikita Khrushchev – leader of the Soviet
Union a. built 42 missile sites in Cuba in July
1962 b. discovered by U.S. spy planes in Oct.
1962 c. seen as a threat, and President
Kennedy demanded their removal, &
blockaded Cuba d. Khrushchev removed missiles; U.S.
promised not to invade Cuba
2. Cuba now dependent on Soviet Union a. Castro backed revolutions in Latin
America & Africa in return for Soviet aidb. Soviet aid ended in 1991, hurt
Cuba’s economy c. Castro loosened state control of
economy & sought better relations with other
nations
President Kennedy meets with Khrushchev
III. Confrontations in the Middle East A. Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran
1. Iran (Persia before 1935) a. Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
1. embraced Western gov’ts & wealthy
Western oil companies b. Prime Minister Muhammad Mossadeq
1. leader of Iranian nationalists who
disliked the shah 2. nationalized a British-owned
oil co., & forced the shah to flee
c. U.S. helped restore the shah to power
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
B. The United States Supports Secular Rule 1. Iran’s capital, Tehran, featured skyscrapers,
foreign banks, & modern factories 2. many Iranians still lived in poverty 3. the shah tried to weaken influence of Iran’s conservative Muslim leaders, known as
ayatollahs 4. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini used tape-
recorded messages to riot Iran’s major cities in 1979
a. returned to establish an Islamic state
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
C. Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies 1. strict adherence to Islam 2. in 1979, with Khomeini’s permission, young
Islamic revolutionaries seized the U.S. embassy in
Tehran a. took +60 Americans hostage b. demanded the U.S. to force the shah
to face trial c. Most hostages remained prisoners
for 444 days; released in 1981
3. Khomeini encouraged Muslim radicals to overthrow
their secular gov’ts a. heightened tensions between Iran &
Iraq 1. Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq as
a secular leader 2. Iran & Iraq fought from 1980 –
1988 3. U.S. supported both nations
American hostages
D. The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan 1. Soviet Union invaded in 1979, supporting
Communist 2. U.S. supplied Afghan rebels with weapons
b/c they considered the Soviet invasion a threat to
oil supplies 3. President Carter warned Soviets not to gain
control of the Persian Gulf
a. he stopped U.S. grain shipments to Soviets
b. ordered a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Moscow
Olympics 4. Mikhail Gorbachev – new Soviet president
a. withdrew Soviet troops by 1989 b. by then, the Soviet Union was falling
apart
Mikhail Gorbachev
President Jimmy Carter