Chapter 33 Lecture
Transcript of Chapter 33 Lecture
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Chapter 33
FranklinD.RooseveltandtheShadowofWar,1933–1941
Presented by:
Mr. Anderson, M.Ed., J.D.
I.TheLondonConference
• London Economic Conference 1933:– Roosevelt'searlyforeignpolicysubordinatedtohisstrategyfordomesticeconomicrecovery:• Delegateshopedtocoordinateinternationalattackonglobaldepression
– Bystabilizing values ofcurrencies and rateofexchange– Exchange-ratestabilization essential to revivalofworldtrade
I.TheLondonConference(cont.)
– Rooseveltandconference:• Firstthoughtofsendingadelegation,includingSecretaryofStateCordellHullbutthenhadconcernsaboutconference'sagenda
– Wanted topursue inflationary policies athometostimulateAmerican recovery
– International agreement tomaintain value ofdollar mighttiehis hands
• FDRunwillingtosacrificepossibilityofdomesticrecoveryforsakeofinternationalcooperation
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I.TheLondonConference(cont.)
• FDRscoldedconferenceforattemptingtostabilizecurrency
– Essentially declared America's withdrawal fromnegotiations
• Delegatesadjournedempty-handed,amidcriesofAmericanbadfaith
• Roosevelt'sattitudeofevery-man-for-himselfplungedplanetevendeeperintoeconomiccrisis
I.TheLondonConference(cont.)
• Conferencecollapsestrengthenedglobaltrendtowardextremenationalism
• Madeinternationalcooperationevenmoredifficult• ReflectedpowerfulpersistenceofAmericanisolationism
• Playedintohandsofdictatorsdeterminedtoshatterworldpeace
• Americawouldpayhighpricefortryingtogoitaloneinmodernworld
II.Freedomfor(from?)theFilipinosandRecognitionfortheRussians– RooseveltmatchedisolationfromEuropewithwithdrawal fromAsia• GreatDepressionburstMcKinley'simperialisticdreaminFarEast
• AmericanstaxpayerseagertorejectexpensiveliabilityofPhilippineIslands
• Organizedlabordemandedexclusionoflow-wageFilipinoworkers
• AmericansugarproducersclamoredforeliminationofPhilippinecompetition
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II.Freedomfor(from?)theFilipinosandRecognitionfortheRussians
– CongresspassedTydings-McDuffieAct1934:• ProvidedforindependenceofPhilippinesafter12-yearperiodofeconomicandpoliticaltutelage(1946)
• UnitedStatesagreedtorelinquisharmybases• Navalbasesreservedforfuturediscussion—andretention
• AmericansnotsomuchgivingfreedomtoPhilippinesasfreeingthemselvesfrom them
• AmericansproposedtoleaveFilipinostotheirownfate• WhileimposinguponFilipinoseconomictermssoungenerousastothreatentheirfutureeconomy
II.Freedomfor(from?)theFilipinosandRecognitionfortheRussians
• OnceagainAmericanisolationistsrejoiced• Rooseveltmadeoneinternationalistgesturewhen:
– He formally recognized SovietUnion in1933– Heextendeddiplomatic recognition despite:
» Noisy protests ofanti-communist conservatives» Roman Catholics offended byKremlin's antireligiouspolicies
– FDRmotivated bytrade with SovietRussia– And hoped tobolster Soviet Russia ascounterweight toGermany inEurope and Japan inAsia
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III.BecomingaGoodNeighbor• Roosevelt inaugurated refreshing newerainrelations withLatin America:– Proclaimedininauguraladdress“policyoftheGoodNeighbor”• SuggestedU.S.A.givingupambitiontobeworldpower• Wouldcontentitselfwithbeingregionalpower• InterestsandactivitiesconfinedtoWesternHemisphere
• FDReagertolineupLatinAmericanstohelpdefendWesternHemisphere
III.BecomingaGoodNeighbor(cont.)
– FDRrenouncedarmedintervention—especiallyRooseveltCorollarytoMonroeDoctrine
– In1933,at7th Pan-AmericanConference,U.S.delegationformallyendorsednonintervention
– MarinesleftHaitiin1934– AfterFulgencioBatistacametopowerinCuba,CubansreleasedfromPlattAmendment—
– Under which Americahad been free to intervene– U.S.A.retained Guantanamo navalbase (seeChap. 27)
III.BecomingaGoodNeighbor(cont.)
– Panamareceivedsimilarupliftin1936:• WhenU.S.A.relaxedgriponisthmusnation
– GoodNeighborpolicy:• Accentonconsultationandnonintervention• ReceivedacidtestinMexico:
– Mexicangovernment seized Yankeeoilproperties in1934– American investors demanded armed intervention torepossess confiscated businesses
– Roosevelt resisted badgering andsettlement made in 1941
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III.BecomingaGoodNeighbor(cont.)
• SuccessofRoosevelt's Good Neighbor policy:– PaiddividendsingoodwillamongLatinAmericans– NootherU.S.citizenhasbeenheldinsuchhighregardasFDRinLatinAmerica
– ColossusofNorthnowseemedlessavultureandmoreaneagle
IV.SecretaryHull'sReciprocalTradeAgreements
– ChiefarchitectSecretaryofStateHullbelieved:• Tradeatwo-waystreet• A nationcanonlysellabroadasitbuysabroad• Tariffbarrierschokeoffforeigntrade• Tradewarsbegetshootingwars
– ReciprocalTradeAgreementAct1934:• DesignedtoliftU.S.exporttradehurtbydepression• Aimedatbothreliefandrecovery• Activatedlow-tariffpoliciesofNewDealers(seetariffchartinAppendix)
IV.SecretaryHull'sReciprocalTradeAgreements(cont.)
– Avoideddangersofwholesaletariffrevision:• WhittleddownmostobjectionableschedulesofHawley-Smootlawbyamendingthem:
– Empowered president to lower existing ratebyasmuchas50% in agreements with other countries willing to respondwith similar reductions
– Agreements effectivewithout formalapproval ofSenate– Ensured speedier action andsidestepped twin evils ofhigh-stakes logrolling andhigh-pressure lobbying inCongress
• Hullsuccessfullynegotiatedpactswith21countriesbyendof1939
• U.S.foreigntradeincreasedappreciably
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IV.SecretaryHull'sReciprocalTradeAgreements(cont.)
– Tradeagreements improved economic andpolitical relationswith LatinAmerica
– Proved tobe influence forpeace inwar-bent world
– ReciprocalTradeAgreementsAct:• Landmarkpieceoflegislation• Reversedhigh-protective-tariffpolicythathadexistedunbrokensinceCivilWar
– Hadsodamaged American and international economiesfollowing World War I
• PavedwayforAmerican-ledfree-tradeinternationaleconomicsystemthattookshapeafterWWII
V.Storm-Cellar Isolationism
• Spreadoftotalitarianism:– Individualisnothing;stateiseverything– CommunistUSSRledway:
• RuthlessJosephStalinemergedasdictator• In1936hebegantopurgeUSSRofallsuspecteddissidents:
– Executedhundreds of thousands– Banished millions to remoteSiberian forced-labor camps
– BenitoMussolini,aFascist,seizedpowerinItalyin1922
V.Storm-Cellar Isolationism(cont.)
– AdolfHitler,afanaticwhoplottedandharanguedhiswaytocontrolofGermanyin1933• Mostdangerousdictatorbecausehecombinedtremendouspowerwithimpulsiveness
• SecuredcontrolofNazipartybymakingpoliticalcapitalofTreatyofVersaillesandGermany'sdepression-spawnedunemployment
• WithdrewGermanyfromLeagueofNationsin1933• Beganclandestinely(andillegally)rearming• 1936:HitlerandMussolinialliedthemselvesinRome-BerlinAxis
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V.Storm-Cellar Isolationism(cont.)
• InternationalgangsterismalsospreadinFarEast:– Imperial Japan, likeGermanyand Italy
» Aso-called have-notpower» Resented ungenerous TreatyofVersailles» Demanded additional space for its teeming millions,cooped-up in crowded island nation
– Japanese navalists not tobedenied:» Gavenotice in1934 of termination of12-year-oldWashington NavalTreaty
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V.Storm-Cellar Isolationism(cont.)
– In1935inLondon,Japantorpedoedallhopeofeffectivenavaldisarmament• Whendeniedcompleteparity,theywalkedoutofmultipowerconference
• Andacceleratedconstructionofgiantbattleships• 1935:JapanquitLeagueofNations• FiveyearslaterjoinedarmswithGermanyandItalyinTripartitePact
V.Storm-Cellar Isolationism(cont.)
– MussolinibrutallyattackedEthiopiain1935• Bravedefendersspeedilycrushed• LeaguecouldhavecrushedMussoliniwithoilembargobutrefusedtodoso
– IsolationisminAmericaboostedbyalarmsfromabroad:• Americabelievedencirclingseagaveherimmunity• ContinuedtosufferdisillusionmentfromparticipationinWWI
• Nursedbittermemoriesaboutdebtors
V.Storm-Cellar Isolationism(cont.)
• Congress passedJohnson Debt Default Act(1934):– Preventeddebt-dodgingnationsfromborrowingfurtherinUnitedStates• Ifattacked,delinquentscould“stewintheirownjuices”
• Mireddown byGreat Depression, Americanshadnorealappreciation ofrevolutionaryforcesbeing harnessed bydictators
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V.Storm-Cellar Isolationism(cont.)
• Have-notpowersouttobecome“have”powers• Americansfearedbeingdrawnintototalitarianaggression
• CalledforconstitutionamendmenttoforbiddeclarationofwarbyCongress—exceptincaseofinvasion—unlesstherewasfavorablepopularreferendum
• PrincetonUniversitystudentsagitatedin1936forbonustobepaidtoVeteransofFutureWars(VFW)whileprospectivefrontlinersstillalive
VI.Congress LegislatesNeutrality
– SenatorGeraldNyeofNorthDakotaappointedin1934toinvestigate“bloodbusiness”• SenatorialproberstendedtoshiftblameawayfromGermansubmarinesontoAmericanbankersandarmsmanufactures
– Because theymademoney, illogical conclusion was thattheyhadcaused war tomakemoney
– Congressmadehastetolegislatenationoutofwar:
VI.Congress LegislatesNeutrality(cont.)
• Neutrality Acts of1935,1936,and1937:– Stipulatedthatwhenthepresidentproclaimedexistenceofforeignwar• Certainrestrictionsautomaticallygointoeffect• NoAmericancouldlegallysailonabelligerentship• Sellortransportmunitionstoabelligerent• Ormakeloanstoabelligerent
– Legislationabandonedtraditionalpolicyoffreedomofseas
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VI.Congress LegislatesNeutrality(cont.)
• SpecificallytailoredtokeepUnitedStatesoutofconflictlikeWorldWarI
• Storm-cellarneutralityprovedtobetragicallyshortsighted:
– Falsely assumed decision forpeaceorwar lay inU.S.hands– Prisoners ofits own fears,U.S.A.failed to recognize itmighthaveused itsenormous power toshape international events
– Instead, it remained atmercyofevents controlled bydictators
• Statutoryneutralityofdubiousmorality– America would makenodistinctions between brutal aggressorsor innocent victims
VI.Congress LegislatesNeutrality(cont.)
– Americaactuallyhelpedencourageaggressorsalongtheirblood-spatteredpathofconquest• Bydecliningtouseindustrialstrengthto
– Aid democratic friends– And defeat totalitarian foes
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VII.AmericaDooms LoyalistSpain
• SpanishCivil Warof1936-1939– Painfullessoninfollyofneutrality-by-legislation– GeneralFranciscoFranco:
• FascistaidedbyfellowconspiratorsHitlerandMussolini
• FrancosoughttotopplerepublicanLoyalistregime• LoyalistsgotsomeassistancefromSovietUnion• AmericanRomanCatholicsopposedLoyalistregime
VII.AmericaDooms LoyalistSpain(cont.)
• AbrahamLincoln Brigade:– 3,000headedtoSpaintofightasvolunteers– WashingtoncontinuedofficialrelationswithLoyalistgovernment
– Existingneutralitylegislationchangedtoapplyarmsembargo tobothLoyalistsandrebels
– RooseveltdidnothingwhileFrancoabundantlysuppliedbyfellowdictators
VII.AmericaDooms LoyalistSpain(cont.)
– Democraciessodeterminedtostayoutofwartheyhelpedcondemnfellowdemocracytodeath• Insodoing,theyencourageddictatorstowardfurtheraggression
• Suchpeace-at-any-price-ismcursedwithillogic• Americadeclinedtobuildarmedforcestowhereitcoulddeteraggressors
• Allowednavytodeclineinrelativestrength• WhenRooseveltrepeatedlycalledforpreparedness,hewasbrandedawarmonger
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VII.AmericaDooms LoyalistSpain(cont.)
• Not till 1938would Congress passbillion-dollar navalconstruction act– Calamitousstoryrepeated:toolittle,toolate
VIII.AppeasingJapanandGermany
• 1937Japanesemilitarists touched offexplosion thatledto all-out invasionofChina
• RooseveltdeclinedtoinvokeneutralitylawsbyrefusingtocallChinaincidentanofficiallydeclaredwar
– Didnotwant tocutoff trickle ofmunitions onwhichChinese depended
– While Japanese couldcontinue tobuywarsupplies inUnited States
VIII.AppeasingJapanandGermany(cont.)
• Quarantine Speech byRoosevelt inChicago,autumn of1937:– Calledfor“positiveendeavors” to“quarantine”aggressors—presumablybyeconomicembargoes
– Isolationistsfearedamoralquarantinewouldleadtoashootingquarantine
– Rooseveltretreatedandsoughtlessdirectmeanstocurbdictators
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VIII.AppeasingJapanandGermany(cont.)
• America's isolationist mood intensified:– December1937JapanesebombedandsankAmericangunboatPanay:• Twokilledandthirtywounded• Tokyomadenecessaryapologiesandpaidproperindemnity—Americansbreathedsighofrelief
– Hitlergrew louderandbolderinEurope:• OpenlyfloutedTreatyofVersaillesbyintroducingcompulsorymilitaryserviceinGermany
• 1935hesenttroopsintodemilitarizedGermanRhineland
VIII.AppeasingJapanandGermany(cont.)
• March1938,HitlerbloodlesslyoccupiedGerman-speakingAustria
• ThendemandedGerman-inhabitedSudetenlandofneighboringCzechoslovakia
• Roosevelt'smessagestobothHitlerandMussoliniurgedpeacefulsettlement
• ConferenceheldinMunich,Germany(Sept.1938)– Western European democracies, badlyunprepared forwar,betrayed Czechoslovakia toGermanybyshearing off Sudetenland
VIII.AppeasingJapanandGermany(cont.)
• Appeasement ofdictators:– SymbolizedbyuglywordMunich– Surrenderoninstallmentplan– InMarch1939,scarcelysixmonthslater:
• HitlererasedrestofCzechoslovakiafrommap• Contrarytohissolemnvows
– Democraticworldstunned
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IX.Hitler'sBelligerencyandU.S.Neutrality
• Stalin, sphinx ofKremlin, keytopeacepuzzle:– OnAugust23,1939,astoundedworldbysigningnonaggressiontreatywithGermandictator
– NotoriousHitler-Stalinpact:• GaveHitlergreenlighttomakewarwithPolandandWesterndemocracies
• StalinplottedtoturnGermanaccompliceagainstWesterndemocracies
IX.Hitler'sBelligerencyandU.S.Neutrality(cont.)
• Withsigningofpact,WorldWarIIonlyhoursaway• HitlerdemandedPolandreturnlandshegainedfromGermanyafterWWI
– Hitler attackedPoland onSept.1,1939
• BritainandFrance,honoringcommitmentstoPoland,declaredwar
– At long last theyperceived folly ofcontinued appeasementbut theywere powerless toaid Poland
• WorldWarIInowfullylaunched,andlongtruceof1919-1939atend
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IX.Hitler'sBelligerencyandU.S.Neutrality(cont.)
• Rooseveltissuedroutineproclamationofneutrality• Americansoverwhelminglyanti-Naziandanti-Hitler
– Fervently hoped democracies would win– Fondly believed forcesof righteousness would triumph, asin1918
– Determined tostayout;not going tobe“suckers” again– Neutrality promptly becameheated issue inU.S.– Britain andFranceurgently needed American planes andweapons
– Neutrality Actof1937 raised forbidding hand
IX.Hitler'sBelligerencyandU.S.Neutrality(cont.)
• Neutrality Actof 1939:– EuropeandemocraciesmightbuyU.S.warmaterialsbutonlyon“cash-and-carrybasis”• Wouldhavetotransportmunitionsintheirownships,afterpayingforthemincash
• Americawouldavoidloans,wardebts,andtorpedoingofAmericanarms-carriers
• RooseveltauthorizedtoproclaimdangerzonesintowhichU.S.merchantshipsforbiddentoenter
IX.Hitler'sBelligerencyandU.S.Neutrality(cont.)
– UnneutralneutralitylawhurtChina,whichwaseffectivelyblockadedbyImperialJapaneseNavy
– Clearly favoredEuropeandemocraciesagainstdictators• UnitedStatesnotonlyimproveditsmoralpositionbutalsohelpeditseconomicposition
• Overseasdemandforwargoodsbroughtsharpupswingfromrecessionof1937-1938
• Ultimatelysolveddecade-longunemploymentcrisis(seeFigure32.4)
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X.TheFallofFrance• “Phonywar”—period following collapse ofPoland
• SilencefellonEurope• HitlershifteddivisionsfromPolandforknockoutblowatFrance
• SovietspreparedtoattackFinland• Finlandgranted$30millionbyisolationistCongressfornonmilitarysupplies
• FinlandflattenedbySovietsteamroller• Abruptendto“phonywar” inApril1940whenHitleroverranDenmarkandNorway
X.TheFallofFrance(cont.)
• HitlerthantookNetherlandsandBelgium,followedbyparalyzingblowatFrance
• BylateJune,Franceforcedtosurrender• CrisisbroughtforthinspiredleaderinPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchill
– Nervedhis people tofight offfearful airbombings of theircities
• France'ssuddencollapseshockedAmericansoutofdaydreams
• PossibledeathofBritain,aconstitutionalgovernment,steeledAmericanpeopletotremendouseffort
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X.TheFallofFrance(cont.)
• Roosevelt's moves:– Calleduponalreadydebt-burdenednationtobuildhugeairfleetsandtwo-oceannavy,whichcouldcheckJapan
– Congressappropriated$37billion:• FiguremorethantotalcostofWorldWarI• AboutfivetimeslargerthananyNewDealannualbudget
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X.TheFallofFrance(cont.)
• CongresspassedconscriptionlawonSept.6,1940– America's firstpeacetime draft:
» Provided for training eachyear1.2million troops and800,000 reserves
– Act lateradapted to requirements ofglobal war
• HavanaConferenceof1940:– United Statesagreed tosharewith twenty NewWorldneighbors responsibility ofupholding Monroe Doctrine
– Nowmultilateral, it would tobewielded by twenty-onepairs ofhands—at least in theory
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XI.RefugeesfromtheHolocaust• Jewish communities inEasternEurope:
• Frequentvictimsofpogroms,mobattacksapprovedorcondonedbylocalauthorities
• November9,1938,instigatedbyspeechfromNaziJosephGoebbels:
– Mobs ransacked more thanseven thousand Jewish shopsandalmost all synagogues in Germany
– Ninety-one Jews killed– About 30,000 sent toconcentration camps inwakeofKristallnacht, “night ofbrokenglass”
– St.Louis leftGermany in1939 with 937passengers, almostall Jewish refugees, went toCuba, Miami, Canada
» Had to return toEurope, where manykilled byNazis
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XI.RefugeesfromtheHolocaust(cont.)
• WarRefugeeBoard:– CreatedbyRooseveltin1942– SavedthousandsofHungarianJewsfromdeportationtodeathcampatAuschwitz
– Only150,000Jews,mostlyGermansandAustrians,foundrefugeinUnitedStates
– Byendofwar,6millionJewshadbeenmurderedinHolocaust
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XII.BolsteringBritain• Britain inwar:
– August1940,HitlerlaunchedairattacksonBritain,toprepareforSeptember invasion
– BattleofBritainragedformonthsinair– RoyalAirForce'stenaciousdefenseeventuallyledHitlertopostponeplannedinvasionindefinitely
• Debateintensified inUnited Statesoverwhatforeign policytoembrace
XII.BolsteringBritain(cont.)
• RadiobuiltsympathyforBritish,butnotenoughtopushUnitedStatesintowar
• Rooseveltfacedhistoricdecision:– Hunkerdown in Western Hemisphere, assume “FortressAmerica” defensive posture
» Letrest ofworld go italone– Orbolster beleaguered Britain byallmeans short ofwar itself– Both positions hadadvocates
• SupportersofaidtoBritainformedpropagandagroups:– Most potent one—Committee toDefendAmerica byAidingtheAllies
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XII.BolsteringBritain(cont.)
• Argumentdouble-barreled:– To interventionists—appeale d fordirect succor toBritish bysuchslogans as“Britain IsFighting OurFight”
– To isolationists—appealed forassistance todemocracies by“All Methods Short ofWar,” soconflict would bekept tofarawayEurope
• Isolationists,bothnumerousandsincere,veryvocal– Organized AmericaFirst Committee– Contended Americans should concentratestrength todefend their ownshores
– Basic philosophy: “The YanksAre NotComing”– Most effectivespeechmaker wasCharles A. Lindbergh
XII.BolsteringBritain(cont.)
– Britain:• IncriticalneedofdestroyersbecauseofGermansubs• OnSeptember2,1940,RooseveltagreedtotransfertoGreatBritainfiftyWWIdestroyers
• Inreturn,BritishhandedovertoU.S.A.eightvaluablebasesites,stretchingfromNetherlandtoSouthAmerica
– Toremain under StarsandStripes for99years
• Agreementlegallyquestionablesinceitwasapresidentialagreement,notpassedbyCongress
• Anun-neutralact,butpublic-opinionpollsdemonstratedmajoritysupported“allaidshortofwar” toEngland
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XIII.ShatteringtheTwo-TermTradition
• Distracting presidential election• Republicans:
– SenatorRobertA.TaftofOhio– LawyerThomasE.DeweyofNewYork– Latecomer:WendellL.WillkieofIndiana– AtPhiladelphiaconvention,Willkiechosen– PlatformcondemnedFDR'sallegeddictatorshipandcostlyandconfusingzigzagsofNewDeal
XIII.ShatteringtheTwo-TermTradition(cont.)
• Democrats:– DemocratsinChicagodecidedthird-termerbetterthan“Third-Rater”
– WillkieagreedwithFDRonnecessitytobolsterbeleaguereddemocracies
– Inforeignpolicy:• Bothpromisedtostayoutofwar• Bothpromisedtostrengthennation'sdefenses• WillkiehithardatRooseveltian“dictatorship” andthirdterm
XIII.ShatteringtheTwo-termTradition(cont.)
– Roosevelt,busyinWhiteHouse,madefewspeeches• Promisednomenwouldbe“sentintoforeignwars;”thislatercamebacktoplaguehim
– HeandsupportersdefendedNewDealandall-outpreparationsfordefenseofAmericaandaidtoAllies
• Thecount:– Roosevelttriumphed,althoughWillkieranstrongrace
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XIII.ShatteringtheTwo-termTradition(cont.)
– Populartotal27,307,819to22,321,018andelectoral count449to82(seeMap33.1)
– Contestlessawalkawaythanin1932and1936– DemocraticmajoritiesinCongressremainedaboutsame
– Democratshailedtriumphasmandatetoabolishtwo-termtradition• Votersfeltthatshouldwarcome,experiencedleaderneededathelm
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XIV.ALandmarkLend-Lease Law
• Lending andleasingpolicy:– SchemeofRoosevelttoprovidearmstodemocraciesrunningoutofmoney
– Lend-LeaseBill,patrioticallynumbered1776,entitled“AnActFurthertoPromotetheDefenseoftheUnitedStates”:• Praisedbyadministrationasdevicethatwouldkeepnationoutofwarratherthandragitin
• Underlyingconceptwas“Sendguns,notsons”or“Billions,notbodies”
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XIV.ALandmarkLend-Lease Law(cont.)
• America,Rooseveltpromised,wouldbe“arsenalofdemocracy”
• Sendlimitlesssupplyofarmstovictimsofaggression:– Who in turn would finish job– And keepwaron their side ofAtlantic– Accounts settled byreturning used weapons orequivalentstoUnited Stateswhen warended
• DebatedinCongress,withoppositioncomingfromisolationistsandanti-RooseveltRepublicans:
– Schemeassailed as“blank-check bill”– Nevertheless bill approved inMarch1941 bysweepingmajorities inbothhouses ofCongress
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XIV.ALandmarkLend-Lease Law(cont.)
• Lend-lease oneofmostmomentous lawsevertopassCongress:
• ChallengehurleddirectlyatAxisdictators• AmericapledgedtobolsternationsindirectlydefendingU.S.A.byfightingaggression
• By1945,Americanshadsentabout$50billionworthofarmsandequipmenttonationsfightingaggressors(seeMap33.2)
• Passingoflend-lease,aneconomicdeclarationofwar• Ashootingdeclarationcouldnotbeveryfararoundcorner
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Map 33-2 p783
XIV.ALandmarkLend-Lease Law(cont.)
• Abandonedanypretenseofneutrality• NodestroyerdealarrangedprivatelybyRoosevelt• Billuniversallydebated• MostAmericanspreparedtotakechanceratherthanseeBritaincollapseandthenfacedictatorsalone
– Resultsoflend-lease:• GearedU.S.factoriesforall-outwarproduction• EnormouslyincreasedcapacitythatsavedAmericawhenshootingwarstarted
XIV.ALandmarkLend-Lease Law(cont.)
• Hitler recognized lend-lease asunofficialdeclaration ofwar– Untilthen,GermanyavoidedattackingU.S.ships– Afterlend-lease, littlepointintryingtocurryfavorwithUnitedStates
– OnMay21,1941,RobinMoor,unarmedAmericanmerchantman,torpedoedanddestroyedbyGermansubmarine
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XV.ChartingaNewWorld
• Twoglobal eventsmarkedcourse ofWorldWarII:– FallofFranceinJune1940– Hitler'sinvasionofSovietUnion,June1941
• StalinbalkedatGermancontrolofBalkans• Hitlerdecidedtocrushcoconspirator,seizeoilandotherresourcesofSovietUnion
• OnJune22,HitlerlauncheddevastatingattackonSovietneighbor
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XV.ChartingaNewWorld(cont.)
– SoundAmericanstrategydictatedspeedyaidtoMoscow
– Rooseveltmadesomemilitary suppliesavailable– Extended$1billioninlend-leasetoSovietUnion—firstinstallmentonultimatetotalof$11billion• RussianvalorandRussianwinterhaltedHitler'sinvasion
• Atlantic Conference (August1941):– MeetingofChurchillandRooseveltonwarshipoffcoastofNewfoundland
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XV.ChartingaNewWorld(cont.)
– History-makingconferencetodiscusscommonproblems,includingmenaceofJapan
– AtlanticCharter;eightpointcharter:• FormerlyacceptedbyChurchillandRoosevelt,laterbySovietUnion
• Outlinedaspirationsforbetterworldatwar'send• Arguedforrightsofindividualsratherthannations• Laidgroundworkforlateradvocacyonbehalfofuniversalhumanrights
XV.ChartingaNewWorld(cont.)
• Opposedimperialisticannexations:– Noterritorial changes contrary towishes of thepeople (self-determination)
• Affirmedrightofpeopletochoosetheirownformofgovernment:
– Inparticular, to regain governments abolished bydictators
• Charterdeclaredfordisarmament• Andapeaceofsecurity:
– Pending “permanent systemofgeneral security,” newLeagueofNations
XV.ChartingaNewWorld(cont.)
• World views:– LiberalstookheartfromAtlanticCharter:
• AstheyhadtakenheartfromWilson'sFourteenPoints• Especiallygratifyingtosubjectpopulations:
– LikePoles under ironheel ofaconqueror
• CondemnedinUnitedStatesbyisolationistsandothershostiletoRoosevelt
– What righthad“neutral” America toconferwith belligerentBritish oncommon policies?
– Suchcritics missed point: U.S.A.no longer neutral
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XVI.U.S.DestroyersandHitler'sU-boatsClash
• Lend-lease shipments ofarmstoBritain:– Freightersneeded tobeescortedbyU.S.warships
• Britaindidnothaveenoughdestroyers• RooseveltmadefatefuldecisioninJuly1941
– As commander inchief, issued orders tonavy toescort lend-lease shipments as faras Iceland
– British would thenshepherd themrest ofthe way– September 1941, U.S.destroyer GreerattackedbyGermansub ithadbeen trailing, without damage toeither
– Roosevelt proclaimed shoot-on-sight policy
XVI.U.S.DestroyersandHitler'sU-boatsClash(cont.)
• October17escortingdestroyerKearny– Engaged in battlewith U-boats– Lost11when itwascrippled, butnot sunk
• TwoweekslaterdestroyerReubenJames:– Torpedoed and sunkoff southwestern Iceland– Lossofmore thanahundred officers andenlisted men
• Neutralitystillonbooks,butnotinAmericanhearts:– Congress voted inmid-November 1941 topull teeth fromnow-useless Neutrality Actof1939 byallowing armingofmerchant ships
– Americans braced themselves forwholesale attacksbyHitler's submarines
XVII.SurpriseAssaultonPearlHarbor
– Japan,sinceSeptember1940,hadbeenformalmilitaryallyofNaziGermany:
– America's shooting foe inNorth Atlantic– Japanmired down incostly andexhausting “China incident”
• JapanandAmericanrelations:– Japan fatally dependent on immense shipments of steel,scrap iron, oil, andaviation gasoline fromU.S.A.
– Suchassistance to Japanese aggressor highly unpopular inAmerica
– Washington, late in1940, imposed first embargoon Japan-bound supplies
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XVII.SurpriseAssault onPearlHarbor(cont.)
– Mid-1941, United States froze Japan's assets inUnited States– Imposed cessation ofall shipments ofgasoline andothersinews ofwar
– As oilgaugedropped, squeeze on Japangrew steadily morenerve-racking
• Japan'sleadersfacedtwoalternatives:– Either knuckleunder toAmerica– Orbreakoutofembargo ringbydesperate attackonoilsupplies andother riches ofSoutheast Asia
• TensenegotiationswithJapantookplaceinWashingtonduringNovemberandearlyDecember1941
XVII.SurpriseAssault onPearlHarbor(cont.)
– StateDepartment insisted Japan leaveChina» Offered Japan newtrade relations on limited basis
– Japan's imperialists unwilling tolose facebywithdrawal
– Facedwith capitulation orcontinued conquest, theychosesword
– Washington had crackedcodeand learned Tokyo's decisionforwar
– Noone in highauthority inWashington believed Japanese either strong enough or foolhardy enough tostrike Hawaii
• StruckPearlHarbor whileTokyodeliberatelyprolongednegotiationsinWashington
XVII.SurpriseAssault onPearlHarbor(cont.)
• December7,1941,“BlackSunday,” JapanesebombersattackedPearlHarborwithoutwarning
• Adate“whichwillliveininfamy,”RoosevelttoldCongress• About3,000casualtiesinflictedonAmericanpersonnel• Manyaircraftdestroyed• Battleshipfleetvirtuallywipedoutwheneightweresunk• Numeroussmallvesselsdamagedordestroyed• FortunatelyforAmerica,threeaircraftcarriersnotinharbor
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XVI.SurpriseAssaultonPearlHarbor(cont.)
– AngeredCongressnextdayofficiallyrecognizedwarhadbeen“thrust” onU.S.A.• SenateandHouserollcallonevoteshortofunanimity• GermanyandItaly,alliesofJapan,sparedCongressfurtherdebatebydeclaringwaronDec.11,1941
• ChallengeformallyacceptedbyunanimousvoteofbothSenateandHouseonsameday
• Unofficialwar,alreadyofmanymonths' duration,nowofficial
XVIII.America'sTransformationfromBystandertoBelligerent
• Japan'shara-kiri gambleinHawaii paidoffonlyinshort run:– Toverydayofattack,strongmajorityofAmericanswantedtokeepoutofwar• BombsonPearlHarborblastedisolationistsintosilence
– PearlHarbornotfullanswertoquestionwhyUnitedStateswenttowar:• Attacklastexplosioninlongchainreaction
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XVIII.America'sTransformationfromBystandertoBelligerent– FollowingfallofFrance
• Americansconfrontedwithdilemma:– Desired aboveall to stayoutof conflict,– Yet, theydid notwantBritain tobeknockedout
• TheywishedtohaltJapan'sconquestsinFarEast:– Conquests menacednotonly American tradeand securitybut international peaceaswell
• TokeepBritainfromcollapsing:– Roosevelt felt compelled toextend unneutral aid thatinvited attacks fromGermansubmarines
XVIII.America'sTransformationfromBystandertoBelligerent
• TokeepJapanfromexpanding:– Washington undertook tocutoffvital Japanese supplieswith embargoes that invited possible retaliation
– Rather than letdemocracydie anddictatorship rulesupreme, mostcitizens evidently determined tosupport apolicy thatmight lead towar
– Itdid
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