Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)

7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)

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Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

PowerPointLecture Presentations for

BiologyEighth Edition

Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

Chapter 33

Invertebrates


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Fig. 33-1


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Overview: Life Without a Backbone

Invertebrates are animals that lack abackbone

They account for 95% of known animal species


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Fig. 33-2

ANCESTRAL

PROTIST

Commonancestor of

all animals

Calcarea

and Silicea

Eumetazoa

Bilateria

Cnidaria

Mollusca/Annelida

Nematoda/Arthropoda

Chordata/Echinodermata

Sponges/

Porifera


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Fig. 33-3a

A spongeA jelly

Phylum Choanocytes Phylum Cnidaria(Porifera)


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Fig. 33-3a

Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Rotifera

A marine flatworm A rotifer (LM)


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Fig. 33-3m

An octopus

Phylum Mollusca Phylum Annelida

A marine annelid


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Fig. 33-3s

A roundworm A scorpion

(an arachnid)

Phylum Nematoda Phylum Arthropoda


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Fig. 33-3v

A sea urchin

Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Chordata

A tunicate


10/67Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Concept 33.1: Sponges are basal animals that lacktrue tissues

Sponges are sedentary, filter feeding animals from the phyla Calcarea

and Silicea Porifera

They live in both fresh and marine waters

Sponges lack true tissues and organs

Possess collar cells to propel water through the body and strain foodparticles.

Food digested intracellularly by amebocytes

Most asymmetrical

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1c&feature=related

(sponge feeding)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1c&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1c&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1c&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1c&feature=related


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Fig. 33-4

Azure vase sponge (Cal lyspongia plicifera)

Spongocoel

Osculum

Pore

Epidermis Water

flow

Mesohyl

Choanocyte

Flagellum

Collar

Food particlesin mucus

Choanocyte

AmoebocytePhagocytosis offood particles

Spicules

Amoebocytes



Concept 33.2: Cnidarians are an ancient phylum ofeumetazoans

All animals except sponges and a few other groups are animals with

true tissues (Eumetazoa)

Phylum Cnidaria: jellies, corals, sea anemones

Radial symmetrical carnivores

Diplobastic - Two body layers: ectoderm & endoderm

Possess gastrovascular cavity (not a complete tube) and nematocysts

There are two variations on the body plan: the sessile polyp and motile

medusa


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Fi 33 6


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Fig. 33-6

Tentacle

Nematocyst

Trigger

Cuticleof prey

Threaddischarges

Thread

(coiled)

Cnidocyte

Thread

Fi 33 7


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Fig. 33-7

(a) Colonial polyps (classHydrozoa)

(b) Jellies (classScyphozoa)

Sea wasp (classCubozoa)

(d) Sea anemone (classAnthozoa)

(c)



Conceptual Summary

Sponges and cnidarians are almost entirely marine and are considered

primitive because they do not possess three body layers nor trueorgans

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkF_1r6ll54&feature=related (hydra

eating)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5oHMjGqjyo (budding in hydra)

Fig 33 8 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkF_1r6ll54&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5oHMjGqjyohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5oHMjGqjyohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkF_1r6ll54&feature=related


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Fig. 33-8-1

Feedingpolyp

Reproductive

polyp

Medusabud

Medusa

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION(BUDDING)Portion of

a colonyof polyps

1

mm

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Fig 33 8 2


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Fig. 33-8-2

Feedingpolyp

Reproductive

polyp

Medusabud

Medusa


a colonyof polyps

1

mm

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Gonad

SEXUAL

REPRODUCTION

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Egg Sperm

Zygote

Fig 33 8 3


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Fig. 33-8-3

Feedingpolyp

Reproductive

polyp

Medusabud

Medusa


a colonyof polyps

1

mm

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Gonad

SEXUAL

REPRODUCTION

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Egg Sperm

Zygote

Planula(larva)

Developing

polyp

Maturepolyp

Medusa producedby asexual budding



Platyhelminthes: F latworms Acoelomates solid body, without a body cavity

Bilateral symmetry and beginnings of cephalization

Development of true organs, tripbloblastic (three body layers);

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

No coelom (body cavity)

Digestibe tract incomplete only one opening that braches throughout

the body to distribute food

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fx-YgcP8Gg (flatworm mating

behavior Rated R)

Fig 33-9
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fx-YgcP8Gghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fx-YgcP8Gghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fx-YgcP8Gghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fx-YgcP8Gg


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Fig. 33-9

Fig 33-10


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Fig. 33 10

Pharynx

Gastrovascularcavity

Mouth

Eyespots

Ganglia Ventral nerve cords

Fig 33-12


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Fig. 33 12

Proglottids with

reproductive structures Hooks

Sucker

Scolex

200 m

Tapeworms are parasites of vertebrates and lack a digestive system

Tapeworms absorb nutrients from the hosts intestine

Fertilized eggs, produced by sexual reproduction, leave the hosts body

in feces


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Rotifera

Pseudocoelomates body cavity between digestibe tract and body

wall is not completely lined by mesoderm

Rotifers have an alimentary canal, a digestive tube with a separate

mouth and anus (complete digestive tract) that lies within a fluid-filled

pseudocoelom

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PALgTXQOqQo&feature=related(rotifer feeding)

Fig. 33-13
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PALgTXQOqQo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PALgTXQOqQo&feature=related


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Fig. 33 13

Jaws Crownof cilia

AnusStomach 0.1 mm

N d R d


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Nematoda: Roundworms

Nematodes, or roundworms, are found in most aquatic habitats, in the

soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals

Pseudocoelomates

They have an alimentary canal, but lack a circulatory system

Reproduction in nematodes is usually sexual, by internal fertilization http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2019570087567872766#

(C. elegans crawling)

Fig. 33-25
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2019570087567872766http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2019570087567872766http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2019570087567872766http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2019570087567872766


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g

25 m

C t l S


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Conceptual Summary

Flatworms and roundworms have bilateral symmetry, the beginnings of

cephalization, and three body layers with well developed tissues andorgans. Phyla include many important parasites of humans.


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All of the animals that we cover from this point on are coelomates

body cavity (coelom) is completely lined by mesoderm. Groups aredivided as protostomes or deuterostomes

M ll


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Mollusca

Phylum Mollusca includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and

octopuses and squids

Basic body plan of muscular head-food, with body on top a loosely

covered mantle which may secrete a shell

Gastropods have a well defined head, tentacles and elongated

flattened foot

Marine and freshwater filter feeders have a body flattened between two

valves of a hinged she. Bivalvia

Cephalopods are on the the most advanced invertebrate groups

(octopus, squid, nautilus)

Protostomes

Fig. 33-15


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Nephridium Visceral mass

Coelom

Mantle

Mantle

cavity

Heart

Intestine

Gonads

Stomach

Shell

Radula

MouthEsophagusNerve

cordsFoot

Gill

Anus

Mouth

Radula

Fig. 33-16


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Fig. 33-17


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(a) A land snail

(b) A sea slug

Fig. 33-19


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Fig. 33-20

Coelom


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Mouth

Digestive

gland

MantleHinge area

Gut

Coelom

Heart Adductormuscle

Anus

Excurrentsiphon

Waterflow

Incurrent

siphonGillGonad

Mantle

cavity

Foot

Palp

Shell

Fig. 33-21
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrel


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Octopus

Squid

Chamberednautilus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrel


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrel

(squid inking)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMFqV4SJLWg (nautilus)

Annelida: Segmented Worms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMFqV4SJLWghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMFqV4SJLWghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrel


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Annelida: Segmented Worms

Possess a coelom and closed circulatory system

Body segmented - septa

Protostomes

Fig. 33-22

E id i SeptumCuticle


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Epidermis

Circularmuscle

Longitudinalmuscle

Dorsal vessel

Chaetae

Intestine

Nephrostome

Fusednervecords

Ventralvessel

Metanephridium

Septum(partitionbetweensegments)

CoelomCuticle

Anus

Metanephridium

Crop

Intestine

Gizzard

Ventral nerve cord withsegmental gangliaBlood

vessels

Subpharyngeal

ganglion

MouthCerebral ganglia

Pharynx

Esophagus

Clitellum

Giant Australian earthworm

Fig. 33-23


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Parapodia

Fig. 33-24


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Arthropoda: (jointed foot)


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Arthropoda: (jointed foot)

Major evolutionary advances over other invertebrate groups include

exoskeleton (chitin) and jointed appendages

Open circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph is

circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs (fig. 42.3

pg. 900)

Main groups are arachnids (spiders, ticks), crustaceans (lobsters,crabs, shrimp, krill), and insects

Rotostomes

Fig. 33-29


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Cephalothorax

Antennae(sensoryreception) Head

Thorax

Abdomen

Swimming appendages(one pair locatedunder eachabdominal segment)

Walking legs

Mouthparts (feeding)Pincer (defense)

Fig. 33-30


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Fig. 33-31


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Scorpion

Dust mite

Web-building spider

50 m


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Arachnids have an abdomen and a cephalothorax, which has six pairs

of appendages, the most anterior of which are the chelicerae

Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called book

lungs

Many spiders produce silk, a liquid protein, from specialized abdominal

glands

Fig. 33-32


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Intestine

Heart

Digestivegland

Ovary

Anus

Spinnerets

Silk gland

Gonopore(exit for eggs) Sperm

receptacle

Book lung

Chelicera Pedipalp

Poison

gland

Eyes

Brain

Stomach

Fig. 33-33


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Fig. 33-34


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Fig. 33-35


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Abdomen Thorax Head

Compound eye

Antennae

Heart

Dorsal

artery Crop

Cerebral ganglion

Mouthparts

Nerve cords

Tracheal tubesOvary

Malpighiantubules

Vagina

Anus


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Flight is one key to the great success of insects

An animal that can fly can escape predators, find food, and disperse to

new habitats much faster than organisms that can only crawl

Many insects undergo metamorphosis during their development

In incomplete metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs, resembleadults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach

full size

Insects with complete metamorphosis have larval stages known by

such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar

The larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnJA_BkPF_Y (butterfly

metamorphosis)

Fig. 33-36
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnJA_BkPF_Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnJA_BkPF_Y


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(a) Larva (caterpillar)(b) Pupa

(c) Later-stage

pupa (d) Emerging

adult

(e) Adult


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Most insects have separate males and females and reproduce sexually

Individuals find and recognize members of their own species by bright

colors, sound, or odors

Some insects are beneficial as pollinators, while others are harmful as

carriers of diseases, or pests of crops

Crustaceans


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Crustaceans

While arachnids and insects thrive on land, crustaceans, for the most

part, have remained in marine and freshwater environments

Crustaceans, subphylum Crustacea, typically have branched

appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and

locomotion

Most crustaceans have separate males and females

Fig. 33-38


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(a) Ghost crab

(b) Krill (c) Barnacles

Conceptual Summary


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p y

The chitinous exoskeleton of arthropods, with its many jointed

appendages modified for a variety of jobs, proved so versatile that thearthropods have undergone impressive adaptive radiation with more

species and individuals than any other phylum

Concept 33.5: Echinoderms and chordates are


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pdeuterostomes

Sea stars and other echinoderms, phylum Echinodermata, may seem

to have little in common with phylum Chordata, which includes thevertebrates

Shared characteristics define deuterostomes (Chordates and

Echinoderms)

Radial cleavage

Formation of the mouth at the end of the embryo opposite the

blastopore

Echinodermata: Sea urchins, sea stars and sea


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,

cucumbers

Sea stars and most otherechinoderms are slow-moving or sessile

marine animals

Deuterostomes

Vertebrates are more closely related to echinoderms than to annelids,mollusks or arthropods based on studies of embryonic development

Echinoderms have a unique water vascular system, a network ofhydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion,feeding, and gas exchange

Possess a skeleton of calcium carbonate just under the skin

Immature have bilateral symmetry, however, most adults havepentaradial symmetry

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A100m5EpfFI&feature=related (seastar feeding)

Fig. 33-39
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A100m5EpfFI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A100m5EpfFI&feature=related


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AnusStomach

Spine

Gills

Madreporite

Radialnerve

Gonads

Ampulla

Podium

Tube

feet

Radial canal

Ring

canal

Central disk

Digestive glands

Fig. 33-40a


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(a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)

Fig. 33-40b


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(b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 33-40c


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(c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea)

Fig. 33-40d


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(d) A feather star (class Crinoidea)

Fig. 33-40e


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(e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)

Fig. 33-40f


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(f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)

Chordates


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Phylum Chordata consists of two subphyla of invertebrates as well as

hagfishes and vertebrates

Chordates share many features of embryonic development with

echinoderms, but have evolved separately for at least 500 million years

You should now be able to:


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1. List the characteristics of the phylum Porifera

2. List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from

other animal phyla

3. List the characteristics of Platyhelminthes

5. List the characteristics of Mollusca

6. List the characteristics of Annelida

7. List the characteristics of Nematoda

9. List three features that account for the success of Arthropods

10. Describe the developmental similarities between echinoderms and

chordates

Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)

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