Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity

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er 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity is an animal? ulticellular, heterotrophic eukaryote – ingestion tructural support from structural proteins – NOT cell walls ervous tissue & muscle tissue for impulse conduction & moveme exual reproduction with motile sperm swimming to non-motile e did animals evolve? urrent animal development

description

Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity. What is an animal? Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote – ingestion Structural support from structural proteins – NOT cell walls Nervous tissue & muscle tissue for impulse conduction & movement - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Page 1: Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity1. What is an animal?

- Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote – ingestion- Structural support from structural proteins – NOT cell walls- Nervous tissue & muscle tissue for impulse conduction & movement- Sexual reproduction with motile sperm swimming to non-motile egg

2. How did animals evolve?- Current animal development

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Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals (layer 1)

Zygote

Cleavage

Eight-cell stage

Cleavage – cell division w/out cytokinesis- More cells but same total volume – no cell growth

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Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals (layer 2)

Zygote

Cleavage

Eight-cell stage

Cleavage

Blastula Cross section of blastula

Blastocoel

Blastula – hollow ball of cells-coel – opening or cavity

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Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals (layer 3)

Zygote

Cleavage

Eight-cell stage

Cleavage

Blastula Cross section of blastula

Blastocoel

Blastocoel

Gastrula Gastrulation

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Blastopore

Ectoderm – outside layerEndoderm – inside layer

Gastrulation – movement of cells to form 2 layersBlastopore – opening where cells move into

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Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity1. What is an animal?

- Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote – ingestion- Structural support from structural proteins – NOT cell walls- Nervous tissue & muscle tissue for impulse conduction & movement- Sexual reproduction with motile sperm swimming to non-motile egg

2. How did animals evolve?- Current animal development- Current hypothesis

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Figure 32.4 One hypothesis for the origin of animals from a flagellated protist

Colonial protist,an aggregate ofidentical cells

Hollow sphereof unspecialized cells (shown in cross section)

Beginning of cell specialization

Infolding Gastrula-like “protoanimal”

Somatic cells Digestivecavity

Reproductive cells

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Radial

Bilateral

Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity1. What is an animal?2. How did animals evolve?3. How are animals grouped & characterized?

- Body plans- Symmetry

- None (sponge) - Radial

- multiple central axis “cuts” provide mirror images- Only have top & bottom

- Bilateral- Only 1 central axis “cut” provides a mirror image- Has top, bottom, left & right

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H-W Lab-All 6 sections-Personal Acct

-Data for all 3 Cases including NEW p & q-Discussion questions for all 3 Cases-6 practice problems at the end-Not Exercise 8A or Case IV

Protist ID Lab-All 6 sections-Pre-lab from in-class notes-Personal acct

-include characteristics that you keyed out-name of organism-drawing of organism

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Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity1. What is an animal?2. How did animals evolve?3. How are animals grouped & characterized?

- Body plans- Symmetry & TISSUES

- None (sponge) - Radial

- multiple central axis “cuts” provide mirror images- Only have top & bottom- Diploblastic – 2 cell layers

- Ectoderm - Endoderm

- Bilateral- Only 1 central axis cut provides a mirror image- Has top, bottom, left & right- Triploblastic – 3 cell layers

- Ectoderm & endoderm- Mesoderm – in between ecto- & endoderm

- Cephalization – movement of sensory equipment towards the anterior end of the organism – associated with movement

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Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity1. What is an animal?2. How did animals evolve?3. How are animals grouped & characterized?

- Body plans- Symmetry & tissues - Body cavities

- Acoelomates – without a body cavity- Pseudocoelomates – “false body cavity” – cavity not completely

lined with tissue derived from mesoderm- Coelomates – body cavity completely lined with tissue

from mesoderm

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Figure 32.8 Body plans of triploblastic animals

CoelomBody covering(from ectoderm)

Digestive tract(from endoderm)

Tissue layerlining coelomand suspendinginternal organs(from mesoderm)

PseudocoelomMuscle layer(from mesoderm)

Body covering(from ectoderm)

Digestive tract(from ectoderm)

Body covering(from ectoderm)

Tissue-filled region(from mesoderm)

Digestive tract(from endoderm)

Coelomate. Coelomates such as annelids have a true coelom, a body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm.

(a)

Pseudocoelomate. Pseudocoelomates such as nematodes have a body cavity only partially lined by tissue derived from mesoderm.

(b)

Acoelomate. Acoelomates such as flatworms lack a body cavity between the digestive tract and outer body wall.

(c)

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Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity1. What is an animal?2. How did animals evolve?3. How are animals grouped & characterized?

- Body plans- Symmetry & tissues - Body cavities- Developmental plan

- Protostome- Deuterostome

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Figure 32.9 A comparison of protostome and deuterostome development

Protostome development(examples: molluscs, annelids,

arthropods)

Deuterostome development(examples: echinoderms,

chordates)

Eight-cell stage Eight-cell stage

Spiral and determinate Radial and indeterminate

Coelom

Archenteron

BlastoporeMesoderm

Coelom

BlastoporeMesoderm

Schizocoelous: solidmasses of mesodermsplit and form coelom

Enterocoelous:folds of archenteronform coelom

Anus

Anus

Mouth

Mouth

Mouth developsfrom blastopore

Anus developsfrom blastopore

Cleavage. In general, protostome development begins with spiral, determinate cleavage. Deuterostome development is characterized by radial, indeterminate cleavage.

(a)

Coelom formation. Coelom formation begins in the gastrula stage. In protostome development, the coelom forms from splits in the mesoderm (schizocoelous development). In deuterostome development, the coelom forms from mesodermal outpocketings of the archenteron (enterocoelous development).

(b)

Fate of the blastopore. In protostome development, the mouth forms from the blastopore. In deuterostome development, the mouth forms from a secondary opening.

(c)

Digestive tube

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Figure 32.10 One hypothesis of animal phylogeny based mainly on morphological and developmental comparisons

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Ancestral colonialflagellate

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Figure 32.11 One hypothesis of animal phylogeny based mainly on molecular data

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“Radiata”

“Porifera” Deuterostomia Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa

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Metazoa

Ancestral colonialflagellate

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Figure 32.12 Ecdysis

Ecdysozoa – secrete an exoskeleton and moltNematoda & Arthropoda

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Figure 32.13 Characteristics of lophotrochozoans1

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Apical tuftof cilia

Mouth

Anus

(a) An ectoproct, a lophophorate (b) Structure of trochophore larva