Chapter 32Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

By: Alicia Buster, Katie Jackson Grace Lopez, Linh Luu, and Zoe Morrison

Prominent Figures of Latin America

Juan José Arevalo• President of Guatemala, 1945-1951• “Spiritual socialism”• Social Security system, labor code, built roads• Land, health, and education reform• Rights of workers• Freedom of speech and press• Right-wing opposition• United Fruit Company

Fulgencio Batista• Dictator of Cuba, 1934-1944, 1952-1959• Democratic constitution of 1940• Deposed Carlos Prío Socarrás, 1952• Controlled education, press, Congress; corrupt• Fled to Dominican Republic, January 1, 1959

Fidel Castro• Dictator of Cuba, 1959-2008, Premier, President• Overthrew Batista, 1958• “26th of July Movement” • Initiated socialist reforms• Nationalist/anti-imperialist policy• US-Cuban relations ended, 1961• Soviet Union• US-sponsored Cuban invasion, 1961• US trade embargo• Positive and negative effects of revolution• www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98822/Fidel-Ca

stro

Ernesto “Che” Guevara• Argentine revolutionary• Joined Castro in 1956• Became leader of guerrilla movement• Opposed imperialism and neocolonialism• Chief of the Industrial Department of the National

Institute of Agrarian Reform, president of National Bank of Cuba, minister of industry

• Led guerrilla attack in Bolivia, 1967• Become an icon

Salvador Allende• Marxist activist• Founded Chile’s Socialist Party, 1933• Chile’s first socialist president, 1970-1973• Added 10 libertarian amendments to constitution• Sponsored many reforms: nationalized industry

and banks, expropriated lands and foreign-owned factories

• Chile began to stagnate• Allende began to lose control of his left-wing

supporters• Established relations with Cuba and China• Overthrown by Augusto Pinochet, 1973

Augusto Sandino• Nicaraguan guerrilla leader• Supported Juan Bautista Sacasa’s claim to

presidency• Withdrew to mountains after attack of US Marines,

1927• Invited to meet with Anastasio Somoza, 1934• Murdered by Nicaraguan National Guard

And Evolution of United States InvolvementChange Over Time

Cuban Politics Before Revolution• 1934-1944 Fulgencio Batista was dictator• Democratic constitution promising;• Land reforms• Full employment• Government control of national resources

• Programs were corrupt• Elected president- 1952

Cuban Politics After Revolution • Fidel Castro brought a socialist economy• Relations with the U.S. were broken off• Cuba depended on Soviet Union

• Led to Cuban Missile crisis

Economic Change in Cuba• 1940s and 50s had heavy U.S. investments• Large middle class; produced sugar, tobacco, and

animal hides • 1950s- three-fourths of Cuban imports came from

U.S. • U.S. embargo on trade in 1961• Failed attempt to industrialize• Sugar prices fell• Soviet Union saved Cuban economy

Good Neighbor Policy• Franklin D. Roosevelt• 1933• Promised to stop direct U.S. involvement in Latin

America• http://www.c-spanvideo.org/clip/3285030

Alliance for Progress• Began in 1961• Developed alternatives to communist political

solutions• Believed economic development would eliminate

radical political solutions• Limited success• Renewal of U.S. direct involvement

U.S. policy in 1970-1990• Jimmy Carter 1977-1981• He signed treaty with Panama• Ceded control of Panama Canal

• 1979- U.S. gave financial aid to Sandinista rebels that overthrew Nicaragua’s Dictator

• 1990- U.S. toppled authoritarian government in Panama • Replaced with regime backed By U.S. troops

U.S. Presence in Latin America• Many U.S. investments and loans to South

America• 5 billion by 1929

• U.S. often got involved in Latin American revolutions

• More than 30 U.S. Military interventions by 1933• Central America had companies like United Fruit• High private U.S. investment• Direct ties to the U.S. economy

Resistance to U.S. forces• Guerrilla movement in Nicaragua against U.S.

occupation• Led by Augusto Sandino• Assassinated in 1934 by the Nicaraguan National Guard

• Intervention was followed by creation of new government• Often dictatorships that would serve U.S. interests• Called banana republics, often corrupt

Slow Change in Women’s Roles• 1929 Ecuador gave women right to vote• First in Latin America

• Feminist organizations and suffrage movements brought change in 40s and 50s

• In the 90s women made 9% of legislators• Higher than other region

Major Conflicts

Cuban Revolution• Castro tries to overthrow Batista• First attempt unsuccessful- 1953

• Castro has help from Che Guevara• Successful-1958

• Castro begins sweeping reforms• Nationalization of foreign property• Farm collectivization• Centralized socialist economy

• Castro breaks relationship w/ US- 1961• Enters relationship w/ USSR

Cuban Missile Crisis• JFK put naval blockade to prevent Russian ships from entering

Cuba • Soviet Union said this would be seen as act of war

• Massive tensions in Washington and Moscow• USSR on alert• US air bombers ready to drop nuclear bombs. Ready to invade Cuba

• Americans suggested secret trade-off• If USSR takes missiles off Cuba, US takes missiles out of Turkey

• USSR first public move• Sent ships headed for Cuba back

• If naval blockade lifted Khrushchev would dismantle Cuban bases

• Sent second telegram demanding dismantle of missiles in Turkey• Kennedy agreed publicly to first letter and secretly to second

Guatemala• First radical solution tried here • Depended upon export of coffee and bananas• Lower and middle class elect Juan Jose Arevalo as president• Arevalo nationalism and resources cause conflict w/ United

Fruit Company • 1951- President Jacobo Arbenz (more radical)

• Proposed expropriation of United Fruit land• Drove Cold War American government to impose restrictions on

diplomacy and economy • CIA intervened

• Assisted military opponents to overthrow Arbenz• Reform ceased under new government • Continued violence and political instability

Groups of People

Party of the Institutionalized Revolution• PRI• Founded in 1929 at the end of the 20th century by

former President Plutarco Calles• Originally called National Revolutionary Party• In Mexico• Strengths: • All important figures in Mexican national and local

politics belonged • Brought together country’s governmental,

military, and agricultural leaders

Zapatistas• Called themselves Zapatistas in honor of Emiliano

Zapata. (EZLN)• Peasant based organization that seized power in

parts of Chiapas Mexico• Called for reforms against PRI• Government responded with negotiation and

repression

Conservative National Action party (PAN)• Founded in 1939 by Manuel Gomez Moran to

represent interests of business and Roman Catholic Church

• Supports minimal government intervention in the economy

• Opposition party to PRI• Presidential candidate in 2000 was Vicente Fox,

won elections and ended 71 year rule of PRI

United Fruit Company• Founded by Minor Cooper Keith, Lorenzo Dow

Baker, and Andrew Preston• Most important foreign economic concern in

Guatemala during 20th century• Attempted land reform and caused U.S.

intervention in Guatemalan politics• American owned• United Fruit Company owned all of Guatemala’s

banana production, telephone and telegraph system, and almost all of the railroad tracks

Sandinista party• Nicaraguan socialist movement named after

Augusto Sandino• Founded by Carlos Fonseca Amador, Silvio

Mayorga, and Tomas Borge Martinez in 1962• Successfully carried out socialist revolution in

Nicaragua during 1980s• Governed Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990• Overthrew President Anastasio Somoza Debayle in

1979 and ended 46 years of dictatorship• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/1430

82/A-summary-of-relations-between-the-United-States-and-Nicaragua

The End

CHAPTER 32: REVOLUTION AND REACTION TO THE 21ST CENTURY

Jeopardy!

Conflicts in Cuba

Important People

Groups of People

Change Over Time

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Conflicts in Cuba – 10 Points

QUESTION:

• What Latin American figure of the 20th century helped Castro to overthrow Batista?

ANSWER:

• Che Guevara

Conflicts in Cuba – 20 Points

QUESTION:

• How many days did the Cuban Missile Crisis last?

ANSWER:

• 13

Conflicts in Cuba – 30 Points

QUESTION:

• In what year did Castro break relations with the United States?

ANSWER:

• 1961

Conflicts in Cuba – 40 Points

QUESTION:

• On what date did The Cuban Missile Crisis end?

ANSWER:

• October 28, 1962

Conflicts in Cuba – 50 Points

QUESTION:

• Name one of Fidel Castro’s sweeping reforms.

ANSWER:

• Nationalization of foreign property• Farm collectivization• Centralized socialist economy

100!!

Important People – 10 Points

QUESTION:

• What US company came into direct conflict with Guatemalan leader Juan Jose Arevalo?

ANSWER:

• The United Fruit Company

Important People – 20 Points

QUESTION:

• In what year did Fulgencio Batista create his new democratic constitution for Cuba?

ANSWER:

• 1940

Important People – 30 Points

QUESTION:

• What was the name of the group of revolutionaries organized by Castro, based on a rebel movement in 1953?

ANSWER:

• 26th of July Movement

Important People – 40 Points

QUESTION:

• Salvador Allende ran as a candidate for the ___________ bloc, which included Socialists, Communists, radicals, and Christian Democrats, in 1970.

ANSWER:

• Popular Unity

Important People – 50 Points

QUESTION:

• Augusto Sandino first gained recognition when he gave his support to which presidential candidate?

ANSWER:

• Juan Bautista Sacasa

Groups of People – 10 Points

QUESTION:

• In 2000, a national election ended the ____ monopoly.

ANSWER:

• Party of the Institutionalized Revolution/PRI

Groups of People – 20 Points

QUESTION:

• In what year was the Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) founded?

ANSWER:

• 1929

Groups of People – 30 Points

QUESTION:

• Which president was overthrown by the Sandinista Party in Nicaragua in 1979?

ANSWER:

• Anastasio Somoza Debayle

Groups of People – 40 Points

QUESTION:

• What does PAN stand for?

ANSWER:

• Conservative National Action Party

Groups of People – 50 Points

QUESTION:

• The Sandinista Party governed from ____ to ____.

ANSWER:

• 1979, 1990

Change Over Time – 10 Points

QUESTION:

• Who was the Cuban dictator from 1934-1944?

ANSWER:

• Fulgencio Batista

Change Over Time – 20 Points

QUESTION:

• The____________ promised to stop direct US involvement in Latin America.

ANSWER:

• Good Neighbor Policy

Change Over Time – 30 Points

QUESTION:

• Which Latin American country was the first to give women the right to vote?

ANSWER:

• Ecuador

Change Over Time – 40 Points

QUESTION:

• This president ceded control of the Panama Canal.

ANSWER:

• Jimmy Carter

Change Over Time – 50 Points

QUESTION:

• In what year did the Alliance for Progress begin?

ANSWER:

• 1961

Bibliography• "Cesar Augusto Sandino (Nicaraguan Leader)." Encyclopedia Britannica

Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.•  "Che Guevara (Argentine-Cuban Revolutionary)." Encyclopedia Britannica

Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.•  "Fidel Castro (political Leader of Cuba)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.

Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.•  "Fulgencio Batista (Cuban Dictator)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.

Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.•  "Juan Jose Arevalo (president of Guatemala)." Encyclopedia Britannica

Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.• http://www.aasd.k12.wi.us/staff/hermansenjoel/Notes/Latin%20America

%20in%20the%2020th%20century.pdf

Bibliography•  "Salvador Allende (president of Chile)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.

Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.• "Institutional Revolutionary Party." Infoplease. Infoplease, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.• http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Institutional+Revolutionary+Party • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/404268/National-Action-Party-PAN • “Latin America: Revolution and Reaction in the 20th Century” N.p., n.d. Web. 25

Apr. 2013• http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/US_ThirdWorld/US_Guat.html • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/522138/Sandinista • http://www.aasd.k12.wi.us/staff/hermansenjoel/Notes/Latin%20America%20in

%20the%2020th%20century.pdf• http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/days/timeline.html