Chapter 31 Themes

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Chapter 31Chapter 31

Review and DiscussionReview and Discussion



Explain the reasons for the Soviet Union’s economic successExplain the reasons for the Soviet Union’s economic success

during the 193sduring the 193s

Stalin’s goalStalin’s goal !ransform the USSR into an industrial nation and increase the power of the!ransform the USSR into an industrial nation and increase the power of the

communist part" #not to produce consumer goods for mass production$communist part" #not to produce consumer goods for mass production$ %irst %ive&'ear (lan%irst %ive&'ear (lan

increased Soviet militar" and industrial might )" developing electric power andincreased Soviet militar" and industrial might )" developing electric power andheav" industr" #iron* coal* steel* and machiner"$heav" industr" #iron* coal* steel* and machiner"$

Collective agricultureCollective agriculture was used to ensure an ade+uate food suppl"was used to ensure an ade+uate food suppl" !urned small private farms into collective farms!urned small private farms into collective farms Collectivi,ation transformed Soviet rural societ"* imposing an ur)an&industrialCollectivi,ation transformed Soviet rural societ"* imposing an ur)an&industrial

wa" of life on the peasantr"-wa" of life on the peasantr"- Re)ellion among the .ula.s resulted in widespread starvation and hardshipRe)ellion among the .ula.s resulted in widespread starvation and hardship

)ecause the" )urned their crops and .illed their livestoc.)ecause the" )urned their crops and .illed their livestoc.

Second %ive 'ear (lan #1933&193/$Second %ive 'ear (lan #1933&193/$ 0fter a,i 2erman"’s rise to power* the Second %ive&'ear (lan a)andoned its 0fter a,i 2erman"’s rise to power* the Second %ive&'ear (lan a)andoned its

goal of producing consumer goods and focused instead on militar" expansion-goal of producing consumer goods and focused instead on militar" expansion- n spite of the terror of purges and persecutions* economic expansion continued-n spite of the terror of purges and persecutions* economic expansion continued-

4omen in particular entered emplo"ment and careers formerl" denied them-4omen in particular entered emplo"ment and careers formerl" denied them-



!he Depression in the 193s was the deepest and most!he Depression in the 193s was the deepest and most

widespread economic collapse in histor"- 4hat were itswidespread economic collapse in histor"- 4hat were its

international economic and political conse+uences5international economic and political conse+uences5

Stoc. mar.et crash of 1969Stoc. mar.et crash of 1969 Consumption and production of manufactured goods around the world declined-Consumption and production of manufactured goods around the world declined- Unemplo"ment rose drasticall"-Unemplo"ment rose drasticall"- 0merican )an.s called in overseas loans to offset their losses- 0merican )an.s called in overseas loans to offset their losses- ations deepl" in de)t from war loans or reparation pa"ments could not afford earl"ations deepl" in de)t from war loans or reparation pa"ments could not afford earl"

repa"ment* and panic spread-repa"ment* and panic spread- Smoot&7awle" tariff Smoot&7awle" tariff

7ighest import dut" in 0merican histor"7ighest import dut" in 0merican histor" n retaliation* other countries raised their tariffsn retaliation* other countries raised their tariffs resulting in decreased export industries and additional reductions in world trade-resulting in decreased export industries and additional reductions in world trade-

Effects of the depression on nationsEffects of the depression on nations %rance and 8ritain were to some extent insulated from the world econom" )" their%rance and 8ritain were to some extent insulated from the world econom" )" their

overseas colonies-overseas colonies- !hose colonies* particularl" ndia* also fared well- ations that were heavil" dependent on!hose colonies* particularl" ndia* also fared well- ations that were heavil" dependent on

imported food and raw materials suffered the most from the Depression-imported food and raw materials suffered the most from the Depression- apan and 2erman" suffered much more )ecause the" relied on exports to pa" for importsapan and 2erman" suffered much more )ecause the" relied on exports to pa" for imports

of food and fuelof food and fuel South 0frica’s econom" )oomed )ecause Depression made gold more valua)leSouth 0frica’s econom" )oomed )ecause Depression made gold more valua)le

Radical reforms and leadersRadical reforms and leaders 4idespread economic distress had profound political conse+uences-4idespread economic distress had profound political conse+uences-

United States enacted sweeping ew Deal legislation* and radical politicians came toUnited States enacted sweeping ew Deal legislation* and radical politicians came topower in 2erman"* tal"* and apan-power in 2erman"* tal"* and apan-



Explain the rise of fascism in Europe and the eventsExplain the rise of fascism in Europe and the events

leading up to the Second 4orld 4ar-leading up to the Second 4orld 4ar-

%ascism%ascism was a direct result of the social and economic insta)ilit" caused )" 4orldwas a direct result of the social and economic insta)ilit" caused )" 4orld

4ar and the Depression-4ar and the Depression- :pportunistic politicians used wartime propaganda techni+ues to appeal:pportunistic politicians used wartime propaganda techni+ues to appeal

to disgruntled Europeans-to disgruntled Europeans- !hose politicians promised prosperit"* the prevention of communism*!hose politicians promised prosperit"* the prevention of communism*

territorial con+uests* and a cure for social pro)lems-territorial con+uests* and a cure for social pro)lems-

;ussolini and 7itler ;ussolini and 7itler 8enito ;ussolini and 0dolf 7itler* )oth of whom appealed to unemplo"ed8enito ;ussolini and 0dolf 7itler* )oth of whom appealed to unemplo"ed

veterans and violent "ouths-veterans and violent "ouths- Economic well&)eing outweighed a loss of li)ert"Economic well&)eing outweighed a loss of li)ert" l Duce #the leader$ )ecame prime minister after threatening to march onl Duce #the leader$ )ecame prime minister after threatening to march on

Rome- nstalled %ascist part" mem)ers in all government <o)s andRome- nstalled %ascist part" mem)ers in all government <o)s andcrushed all oppositioncrushed all opposition

7itler )ecame chancellor in 1933= %uhrer #leader$ 193>7itler )ecame chancellor in 1933= %uhrer #leader$ 193> ;ussolini invaded Ethiopia 193?* while 2erman" reentered the;ussolini invaded Ethiopia 193?* while 2erman" reentered the

Rhineland and annexed 0ustria and portions of C,echoslova.ia-Rhineland and annexed 0ustria and portions of C,echoslova.ia- 7itler also emphasi,ed 0r"an racial superiorit" #2ermans* 8ritons*7itler also emphasi,ed 0r"an racial superiorit" #2ermans* 8ritons*

Scandinavian$ and )lamed ews for 2erman"’s postwar trou)les-Scandinavian$ and )lamed ews for 2erman"’s postwar trou)les-



4arning signs4arning signs

7itler tested %rench and 8ritish resolve )"7itler tested %rench and 8ritish resolve )"

repeatedl" violating the !reat" of @ersailles-repeatedl" violating the !reat" of @ersailles- n 1933 7itler withdrew from the Aeague of ationsn 1933 7itler withdrew from the Aeague of ations

n 193? 7itler )uilt and arm" and created an airn 193? 7itler )uilt and arm" and created an air

forceforce

8ritain and %rance responded with8ritain and %rance responded with!he Bappeasement of the ;unich Conference in!he Bappeasement of the ;unich Conference in

193 revealed a lac. of 8ritish and %rench resolve-193 revealed a lac. of 8ritish and %rench resolve-

0llowed 7itler to annex C,echoslova.ian territor" 0llowed 7itler to annex C,echoslova.ian territor"

4ar seemed imminent after ;unich* as 2erman"4ar seemed imminent after ;unich* as 2erman"

invaded C,echoslova.ia* made an alliance with theinvaded C,echoslova.ia* made an alliance with the

Soviet Union* and invaded (oland in 1939-Soviet Union* and invaded (oland in 1939-



8riefl" compare and contrast the militar" aspects of the8riefl" compare and contrast the militar" aspects of the

%irst and Second 4orld 4ars-%irst and Second 4orld 4ars-

SimilaritiesSimilarities

!he" were )oth fought around the glo)e and resulted in tremendous!he" were )oth fought around the glo)e and resulted in tremendousnum)ers of casualties as well as ph"sical and environmental damage-num)ers of casualties as well as ph"sical and environmental damage- 8oth wars too. advantage of technological innovations that altered the8oth wars too. advantage of technological innovations that altered the

face of warfare-face of warfare-

DifferencesDifferences 4orld 4ar was larger in )oth geographic and human scope* ta.ing4orld 4ar was larger in )oth geographic and human scope* ta.ing

place in practicall" ever" corner of the world= it also resulted in far moreplace in practicall" ever" corner of the world= it also resulted in far morecasualties-casualties-

4hereas deaths from 4orld 4ar were primaril" confined to the militar"*4hereas deaths from 4orld 4ar were primaril" confined to the militar"*there were far fewer militar" than civilian deaths in 4orld 4ar -there were far fewer militar" than civilian deaths in 4orld 4ar -

7uge )om)ing raids on cities and intentional assaults on civilians*7uge )om)ing raids on cities and intentional assaults on civilians*especiall" the 7olocaust # million ews$* were responsi)le for man" ofespeciall" the 7olocaust # million ews$* were responsi)le for man" of

those deaths- 4orld 4ar was a defensive war fought in trenches= 4orldthose deaths- 4orld 4ar was a defensive war fought in trenches= 4orld4ar was an offensive war of )lit,.riegs #lighting war$* tan.s* carpet4ar was an offensive war of )lit,.riegs #lighting war$* tan.s* carpet)om)ing* and aircraft carriers-)om)ing* and aircraft carriers-

4orld 4ar was a war of steam and coal= 4orld 4ar was a war of oil4orld 4ar was a war of steam and coal= 4orld 4ar was a war of oiland internal com)ustion engines-and internal com)ustion engines-

;assive landings of men and material on (acific and European )eaches;assive landings of men and material on (acific and European )eaches

dwarfed an"thing previousl" imagined- (racticall" the entire industrialdwarfed an"thing previousl" imagined- (racticall" the entire industrialoutput of the world was devoted to militar" production-output of the world was devoted to militar" production-



4hat were some of the technological advances during4hat were some of the technological advances during

4orld 4ar that made it a Bwar of science54orld 4ar that made it a Bwar of science5

Existing technolog" underwent considera)le improvement during 4orld 4arExisting technolog" underwent considera)le improvement during 4orld 4ar--

0irplanes were larger and faster* flew farther* and dropped man" tons of 0irplanes were larger and faster* flew farther* and dropped man" tons of)om)s each-)om)s each-

et planes appeared for the first time-et planes appeared for the first time-

7eavil" armored tan.s ruled the )attlefields- ew inventions also )egan to7eavil" armored tan.s ruled the )attlefields- ew inventions also )egan todominate warfare-dominate warfare-

S"nthetic ru))er and oil reduced the dependence on foreign imports and theS"nthetic ru))er and oil reduced the dependence on foreign imports and thecontrol of the seas-control of the seas-

0ircraft carriers and su)marines made )attleships o)solete- 0ircraft carriers and su)marines made )attleships o)solete- Radar warned of aircraft attac.s-Radar warned of aircraft attac.s- Code )rea.ers and intelligence specialists predicted enem" attac.s-Code )rea.ers and intelligence specialists predicted enem" attac.s- 2uided missiles delivered unstoppa)le offensive attac.s-2uided missiles delivered unstoppa)le offensive attac.s- !he anti)iotics used in 4orld 4ar resulted in a significant drop in mortalit"!he anti)iotics used in 4orld 4ar resulted in a significant drop in mortalit"

among wounded soldiers-among wounded soldiers- n the war’s ultimate technological achievement* the United Statesn the war’s ultimate technological achievement* the United States

committed enormous resources to develop the atomic )om) in a racecommitted enormous resources to develop the atomic )om) in a raceagainst 2erman"-against 2erman"-



Compare the lives of civilians on the home front in the UnitedCompare the lives of civilians on the home front in the United

States during 4orld 4ar with the experiences of civilians inStates during 4orld 4ar with the experiences of civilians in

Europe and 0sia- #7olocaust$Europe and 0sia- #7olocaust$

Effects on the civilian populationEffects on the civilian population !he civilian populations of Europe and 0sia suffered the depredations of invading!he civilian populations of Europe and 0sia suffered the depredations of invading

armies* disease* starvation* and exposure to the elements-armies* disease* starvation* and exposure to the elements- ;illions a)andoned their homes or watched them )eing destro"ed-;illions a)andoned their homes or watched them )eing destro"ed- n 4orld 4ar more civilians were .illed than soldiers- ;an" of these deathsn 4orld 4ar more civilians were .illed than soldiers- ;an" of these deaths

were deli)erate murder-were deli)erate murder- %inal Solution%inal Solution a,is attempted to achieve their polic" of eliminating entire races of people-a,is attempted to achieve their polic" of eliminating entire races of people- ews were deprived of citi,enship and legal rights and forced into ghettoes-ews were deprived of citi,enship and legal rights and forced into ghettoes- n 19>6 the Bfinal solution started the s"stematic extermination of human )eings-n 19>6 the Bfinal solution started the s"stematic extermination of human )eings- Concentration camps such as 0uschwit, were created for the sole purpose ofConcentration camps such as 0uschwit, were created for the sole purpose of

extracting wor. and .illing prisoners-extracting wor. and .illing prisoners- 7olocaust7olocaust

t is estimated that over million ews lost their lives- n addition* 3 million (olisht is estimated that over million ews lost their lives- n addition* 3 million (olishCatholic elite were .illed- Special targets of the a,is included homosexuals*Catholic elite were .illed- Special targets of the a,is included homosexuals*ehovah’s 4itnesses* 2"psies* the disa)led* the mentall" ill* and Communists-ehovah’s 4itnesses* 2"psies* the disa)led* the mentall" ill* and Communists-



Compare the lives of civilians on the home front in theCompare the lives of civilians on the home front in the

United States during 4orld 4ar with the experiences ofUnited States during 4orld 4ar with the experiences of

civilians in Europe and 0sia- 7iroshimacivilians in Europe and 0sia- 7iroshima

7iroshima #0ugust 19>?$7iroshima #0ugust 19>?$ was the site where the United States dropped the first atomic )om)*was the site where the United States dropped the first atomic )om)*

.illing approximatel" 6* people-.illing approximatel" 6* people- !hree da"s later* another atomic )om) destro"ed agasa.i-!hree da"s later* another atomic )om) destro"ed agasa.i-

Aed to apanese surrender in Septem)er 19>?Aed to apanese surrender in Septem)er 19>?

U-S-U-S- apanese nternment camps= result of the )om)ing of (earl 7ar)or apanese nternment camps= result of the )om)ing of (earl 7ar)or !he war pulled the United States out of the last stages of the!he war pulled the United States out of the last stages of the

Depression* eliminating unemplo"ment and improving nutrition andDepression* eliminating unemplo"ment and improving nutrition andhealth-health-

4omen in the United States entered industr" in large num)ers* and the4omen in the United States entered industr" in large num)ers* and the)ooming econom" had long&lasting positive conse+uences for 0merican)ooming econom" had long&lasting positive conse+uences for 0mericansociet"-societ"-



4hat was the source of conflict )etween apan and China4hat was the source of conflict )etween apan and China

from 1931 to 19>?5from 1931 to 19>?5

DepressionDepression

economic dislocation of the 2reat Depression and growing militarism in apan led to thiseconomic dislocation of the 2reat Depression and growing militarism in apan led to thismilitar" confrontation-militar" confrontation- 4hen the 2reat Depression hit* China and the United States erected tariff )arriers against4hen the 2reat Depression hit* China and the United States erected tariff )arriers against

apanese imports-apanese imports- !he collapse of demand for rice and sil. ruined apanese farmers= to survive* man" sold!he collapse of demand for rice and sil. ruined apanese farmers= to survive* man" sold

their daughters into prostitution while their sons floc.ed to the militar"-their daughters into prostitution while their sons floc.ed to the militar"- nationalists viewed a colonial empire as a solution to apan’s dependence on foreign trade-nationalists viewed a colonial empire as a solution to apan’s dependence on foreign trade- 0lthough most of 0sia’s potential colonies had )een claimed* China with its vast population 0lthough most of 0sia’s potential colonies had )een claimed* China with its vast population

and resources was not coloni,ed-and resources was not coloni,ed- apanese con+uestapanese con+uest

!he confrontation of the Second 4orld 4ar )egan with the apanese sei,ure of ;anchuria!he confrontation of the Second 4orld 4ar )egan with the apanese sei,ure of ;anchuria)" <unior officers in the militar"-)" <unior officers in the militar"-

!he" renamed the region ;anchu.uo-!he" renamed the region ;anchu.uo- 4hen Chinese students* wor.ers* and housewives )o"cotted apanese goods* apanese4hen Chinese students* wor.ers* and housewives )o"cotted apanese goods* apanese

troops )riefl" too. over Shanghai and the area around 8ei<ing-troops )riefl" too. over Shanghai and the area around 8ei<ing- During the next few "ears the apanese sped up their rearmament* especiall" the )uildingDuring the next few "ears the apanese sped up their rearmament* especiall" the )uilding

of warships-of warships- n 193/* apanese leaders once again considered options for solving apan’s economicn 193/* apanese leaders once again considered options for solving apan’s economic

pro)lems- Some proposed con+uest of China while others advocated war with the Sovietpro)lems- Some proposed con+uest of China while others advocated war with the SovietUnion-Union-

8ut once again* <unior officers too. matters into their own hands- :n ul" /* 193/*8ut once again* <unior officers too. matters into their own hands- :n ul" /* 193/*apanese troops attac.ed Chinese forces near 8ei<ing-apanese troops attac.ed Chinese forces near 8ei<ing-

4ithin wee.s* apanese troops sei,ed 8ei<ing* !ian<in* Shanghai* and other coastal cities*4ithin wee.s* apanese troops sei,ed 8ei<ing* !ian<in* Shanghai* and other coastal cities*and the apanese nav" )loc.aded the entire Chinese coast-and the apanese nav" )loc.aded the entire Chinese coast-



!he United States and the Aeague of ations denounced the apanese atrocities* )ut!he United States and the Aeague of ations denounced the apanese atrocities* )utwere too preoccupied with economic pro)lems and events in Europe to ris. militar"were too preoccupied with economic pro)lems and events in Europe to ris. militar"confrontation-confrontation-

!he Chinese armies were large and fought )ravel"* )ut the" were poorl" led and!he Chinese armies were large and fought )ravel"* )ut the" were poorl" led andarmed and lost ever" )attle-armed and lost ever" )attle-

apanese planes )om)ed an<ing* 7an.ou* and Canton while on the ground soldiersapanese planes )om)ed an<ing* 7an.ou* and Canton while on the ground soldiers)ro.e di.es and )urned villages* .illing thousands of civilians-)ro.e di.es and )urned villages* .illing thousands of civilians-

n spite of apanese organi,ational and fighting s.ills* the attac. on China did notn spite of apanese organi,ational and fighting s.ills* the attac. on China did not)ring the victor" apan had hoped for-)ring the victor" apan had hoped for-

!he Chinese continued to resist- apan’s periodic attempts to turn the tide )"!he Chinese continued to resist- apan’s periodic attempts to turn the tide )"con+uering more of China onl" pushed apan deeper into the +uagmire-con+uering more of China onl" pushed apan deeper into the +uagmire-

%or the apanese people* life )ecame harsher and more repressive as taxes rose*%or the apanese people* life )ecame harsher and more repressive as taxes rose*food and fuel )ecame scarce* and more "oung men were drafted-food and fuel )ecame scarce* and more "oung men were drafted-

apanese leaders reali,ed that the war with China was a drain on the apaneseapanese leaders reali,ed that the war with China was a drain on the apanese

econom" and manpower and that their war machine was )ecoming increasingl"econom" and manpower and that their war machine was )ecoming increasingl"dependent on the United States for steel and machine tools and for nine&tenths of itsdependent on the United States for steel and machine tools and for nine&tenths of itsoil-oil-

4arfare )etween China and apan was incredi)l" violent-4arfare )etween China and apan was incredi)l" violent- n the winter of 193/&193* apanese troops too. an<ing* raped 6* women*n the winter of 193/&193* apanese troops too. an<ing* raped 6* women*

.illed 6* prisoners and civilians* and looted and )urned the cit"-.illed 6* prisoners and civilians* and looted and )urned the cit"-



Communism in ChinaCommunism in China;ao Fedong #193&19/$;ao Fedong #193&19/$ communism founded in 1961 was a radical departure fromcommunism founded in 1961 was a radical departure from

the traditional ideolog"the traditional ideolog"

2oal was to use the peasantr"* not industrial wor.ers to2oal was to use the peasantr"* not industrial wor.ers to

redistri)ute land from the wealth" to the poor peopleredistri)ute land from the wealth" to the poor people

0dvocated women’s e+ualit"= )ut leadership position )elong 0dvocated women’s e+ualit"= )ut leadership position )elong

to mento men

Civil war in China and communist victor"Civil war in China and communist victor"

0fter apanese surrender in 19>? the 2uomindang and 0fter apanese surrender in 19>? the 2uomindang andcommunist forces )egan a civil war that lasted until 19>9communist forces )egan a civil war that lasted until 19>9

:n :cto)er 1* 19>9* ;ao Fedong announced the founding:n :cto)er 1* 19>9* ;ao Fedong announced the founding

of the (eople’s repu)lic of China and Chiang Gai&she.’sof the (eople’s repu)lic of China and Chiang Gai&she.’s

2uomindang forces were driven off the mainland to !aiwan2uomindang forces were driven off the mainland to !aiwan

Chapter 31 Themes

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