Chapter 30Chapter 30Sections 1 & 2Sections 1 & 2

Revolution in Revolution in RussiaRussia

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Section 1Section 1Revolutions in RussiaRevolutions in Russia

Czars Resist Change

Alexander III (1881-1894), Nicholas II (1894-1917)

Censorship

Secret Police

Suppression of non-Russian nationalities

Russia Industrializes

Number of factories double between 1863-1900

In the 1890s, government ministers seek foreign

investment for growth. By 1900, Russia is the 4th largest steel

producer

Trans-Siberian Railway: world’s largest continuous rail line

Section 1Section 1Revolutions in RussiaRevolutions in Russia

The Growth of the Revolutionary Movement

Rapid industrialization stirred up discontent just as it had in

other European nations

Views of Karl Marx catch on

Believed that industrial working class would

overthrow the Czar, and establish a “dictatorship of the

proletariat.”

Proletariat: the working class

Russian Marxists split

Mensheviks: Moderates

Bolsheviks: Radicals, led by Vladimir Lenin

Lenin forced to leave Russia to avoid arrest.

Section 1Section 1Revolutions in RussiaRevolutions in Russia

Crises at Home and Abroad

The Russo-Japanese War, 1904

Japanese and Russians competing for Korea and

Manchuria. Russia looses

Bloody Sunday: the Revolution of 1905

200,000 workers protest at Czars palace, troops open

fire

nation wide strikes. Czar sets up a weak legislature

called the Duma

World War I: The Final Blow

Czar Nicholas II went to the front

Wife, Czarina Alexandra, runs government, with help

of the mysterious holy man, Rasputin

Section 1Section 1Revolutions in RussiaRevolutions in Russia

The March Revolution, 1917

Workers riot against government, Czar abdicates.

Duma sets up the “provisional government” (means temporary

government)

Lenin Returns to Russia, with help from the Germans

The Bolshevik Revolution

Lenin’s slogan: “Peace, Land and Bread!”

Provisional government overthrown by Bolshevik supporters in

November.

Bolsheviks take power: land to be redistributed, truce signed

with Germany.

Civil War in Russia, 1918-1920

The Red Army (Bolsheviks)

The White Army (Czarists, Democrats, and Mensheviks)

Section 1Section 1Revolutions in RussiaRevolutions in Russia

Lenin Restores Order

New Economic Policy, 1921

Small-scale capitalism

Banks, communication, and major industries remain government

controlled

Political Reforms

Organizes the country as a series of self-governing republics under

the Central Government

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Bolshevik Party becomes the Communist Party

Stalin becomes Dictator

Joseph Stalin, general secretary of the Communist Party

Lenin Dies in 1924

Leon Trotsky, Stalin’s rival, is exiled to Mexico

Stalin in total control by 1928.

Section 2Section 2Totalitarianism: Stalinist RussiaTotalitarianism: Stalinist Russia

A Government of Total Control

Totalitarianism: a government that takes total, centralized

control over every aspect of public and private life.

Police State: use of terror and violence, police used to

enforce government’s policies

Indoctrination: instruction in the government’s beliefs to

mold people’s minds. (Education)

Propaganda and Censorship: total control of all mass-

media to spread the government’s message

Religious or Ethnic Persecution: “enemies of the state”,

someone to blame.

Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State

Police State: monitoring telephone lines, reading mail, spying on citicents

Great Purge, 1934-1938, 8-13 million killed

Russian Propaganda and Censorship

Education and Indoctrination

Schools taught the virtues of the Communist Party

Government youth groups trained children to be good communists

Religious Persecution: Atheism, attacked the Russian Orthodox Church

Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy

Command Economy: government made all economic decisions

Industry: the Five-Year Plans

Focus on steel, coal, oil

Led to shortages of consumer goods (clothes, shoes, food)

Agriculture: collective farms

Private farms seized by government, worked by hundreds of

families

Section 2Section 2Totalitarianism: Stalinist RussiaTotalitarianism: Stalinist Russia

Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy

Command Economy: government made all economic

decisions

Industry: the Five-Year Plans

Focus on steel, coal, oil

Led to shortages of consumer goods (clothes,

shoes, food)

Agriculture: collective farms

Private farms seized by government, worked by

hundreds of families

Section 2Section 2Totalitarianism: Stalinist RussiaTotalitarianism: Stalinist Russia

Sections 1 & 2 ReviewSections 1 & 2 Review

Who were the last Czars?

Who were the Mensheviks? Bolsheviks?

What revolutions occurred in 1917?

Who took over Russia in 1917? Who was their leader?

Who turned Russia into a totalitarian state?

What is Totalitarianism?

What is a command economy?

What are collective farms?