Chapter 30
description
Transcript of Chapter 30
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Chapter 30
Respiratory System
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Respiration• Ventilation: Movement of air into and out
of lungs• External respiration: Gas exchange
between air in lungs and blood• Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
the blood• Internal respiration: Gas exchange between
the blood and tissues
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Respiratory System Functions • Gas exchange: Oxygen enters blood and carbon
dioxide leaves• Regulation of blood pH: Altered by changing
blood carbon dioxide levels• Voice production: Movement of air past vocal
folds makes sound and speech• Olfaction: Smell occurs when airborne
molecules drawn into nasal cavity• Protection: Against microorganisms by
preventing entry and removing them
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Respiratory System Divisions• Upper tract
–Nose, pharynx and associated structures
• Lower tract–Larynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs
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Nose and Pharynx• Nose–External nose–Nasal cavity
• Functions–Passageway for air–Cleans the air–Humidifies, warms air–Smell–Along with paranasal
sinuses are resonating chambers for speech
• Pharynx–Common opening
for digestive and respiratory systems
–Three regions• Nasopharynx• Oropharynx• Laryngopharynx
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Larynx
• Functions–Maintain an open passageway for air
movement–Epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent
swallowed material from moving into larynx
–Vocal folds are primary source of sound production
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Vocal Folds
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Trachea
• Windpipe• Divides to
form–Primary
bronchi
Insert Fig 23.5 all but b
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Tracheobronchial Tree• Conducting zone
–Trachea to terminal bronchioles which is ciliated for removal of debris
–Passageway for air movement–Cartilage holds tube system open and
smooth muscle controls tube diameter• Respiratory zone
–Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli–Site for gas exchange
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Tracheobronchial Tree
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Bronchioles and Alveoli
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Lungs• Two lungs: Principal
organs of respiration–Right lung: Three lobes–Left lung: Two lobes
• Divisions–Lobes,
bronchopulmonary segments, lobules
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Ventilation• Movement of air into and out of
lungs• Air moves from area of higher
pressure to area of lower pressure• Pressure is inversely related to
volume
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Alveolar Pressure Changes
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Changing Alveolar Volume• Lung recoil
– Causes alveoli to collapse resulting from • Elastic recoil and surface tension
– Surfactant: Reduces tendency of lungs to collapse
• Pleural pressure– Negative pressure can cause alveoli to expand– Pneumothorax is an opening between pleural
cavity and air that causes a loss of pleural pressure