Business Research Methods William G. Zikmund Chapter 17: Determination of Sample Size.
Chapter 3 Zikmund Theory.ppt
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Transcript of Chapter 3 Zikmund Theory.ppt
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©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Theory Building
Business Research Methods 9eZikmundBabinCarrGriffin
Chapter 3Theory Building
LEARNINGOUTCOMESLEARNINGOUTCOMES
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
1. Define the meaning of theory
2. Understand the goals of theory
3. Understand the terms concepts, propositions, variables, and hypotheses
4. Discuss how theories are developed
5. Understand the scientific method
3-2
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Theory and Practice
3-3
• What if the lights didn’t come on when you flipped the switch?
• You would seek a logical explanation.
• Past experience would guide your thoughts.
• Attribution theory is one framework that helps explain the world.
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–4
What is a Theory?• Theory
• A formal, logical explanation of some events that includes predictions or how things relate to one another.
• Goals of Theory• Understanding• Predicting
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–5
Research Concepts• Concept (or construct)
• A generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences or process that has been given a name.◗ Examples:
leadershipmoralegross domestic productassetscustomer satisfactionmarket share
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Social Network Theory
3-6
• Researchers have developed theories about the links and structures of social networks, complete with constructs and propositions about how linkages are formed and the social capital they yield.
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–7
• Ladder of Abstraction• Organization of concepts in sequence from the most concrete and
individual to the most general.
• Abstract Level• The level of knowledge expressing a concept that exists only as an
idea or a quality apart from an object.
• Empirical Level• The level of knowledge that is verifiable by experience or
observation.
• Latent Construct• A concept that is not directly observable or measurable, but can
be estimated through proxy measures.
Ladder of Abstraction
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
EXHIBIT 3.1 A Ladder of Abstraction for Concepts
3–8
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
EXHIBIT 3.2 Concepts are Abstractions of Reality
3–9
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–10
Research Propositions and Hypotheses
• Propositions• Statements explaining the logical linkage
among certain concepts by asserting a universal connection between concepts.◗ Example: Treating employees better will make
them more loyal employees.
• Hypothesis• Formal statement of an unproven proposition
that is empirically testable.◗ Example: Giving employees one Friday off each
month will result in lower employee turnover.
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–11
Empirical Testing• Empirical Testing
• Examining a research hypothesis against reality using data.
• Variables• Anything that may assume different numerical
values.• The empirical assessment of a concept.
• Operationalizing• The process of identifying the actual
measurement scales to asses the variables of interest.
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
EXHIBIT 3.3 Hypotheses Are the Empirical Counterparts of Propositions
3–12
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
EXHIBIT 3.4 A Basic Theory Explaining Voluntary Job Turnover
3–13
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–14
Theory Building• Deductive Reasoning
• The logical process of deriving a conclusion about a specific instance based on a known general premise or something known to be true.
• Inductive Reasoning• The logical process of establishing a general
proposition on the basis of observation of particular facts.
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–15
The Scientific Method
• Scientific Method• A set of prescribed
procedures for establishing and connecting theoretical statements about events, for analyzing empirical evidence, and for predicting events yet unknown.
• Techniques or procedures used to analyze empirical evidence in an attempt to confirm or disprove prior conceptions.
• Suggested steps:1. Assess relevant existing
knowledge of phenomenon2. Formulate concepts and
propositions3. State hypotheses4. Design research to test the
hypotheses5. Acquire empirical data6. Analyze and evaluate data7. Propose an explanation of
the phenomenon and state new problems raised by the research