Chapter 3 The Simple Keynesian Theory of Income Determination

1) In the simplest Keynesian model of the determination of income, interest rates are assumed to beA) exogenous and to gradually change.B) endogenous and to gradually change.C) exogenous and to remain constant.D) endogenous and to remain constant.

2) In the simplest Keynesian model of the determination of income, interest rates are assumedA) to be exogenous and to influence desired spending.B) to be endogenous and not to influence desired spending.C) to be endogenous and to influence desired spending.D) to be exogenous and not to influence spending.

3) In the simple Keynesian model of the determination of income, the price level is assumed to beA) exogenous and to gradually change.B) endogenous and to gradually change.C) exogenous and to remain constant.D) endogenous and to remain constant.

4) A fixed or rigid price level impliesA) that income is fixed.B) real GDP is greater than nominal GDP.C) nominal GDP is less than real GDP.D) real GDP equals nominal GDP.

5) What type of variables have their movements explained by theory?A) endogenousB) exogenousC) autonomousD) Both B and C

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6) If total planned spending (E(p)) exceeds GDP, we expect thatA) inventories will be falling.B) inventories will be rising.C) GDP will be falling.D) government expenditures must be rising.

Figure 3-1

7) Employing Figure 3-1, autonomous consumption expenditures are ____________, and the marginal propensity to consume is ____________.A) 200; .75B) 500; 1C) 200; .60D) 0; 1

8) As used in this text, "autonomous" variables areA) spontaneous variables that are completely unpredictable.B) completely independent of income, although they can be explained by movements in

other variables.C) determined only by income levels.D) the same as endogenous variables.

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9) The multiplier measures theA) number of steps it takes to move from one equilibrium to another.B) rise in saving resulting from a rise in income.C) marginal propensity to invest.D) rise in equilibrium GDP resulting from a one dollar rise in planned autonomous

expenditures.

10) Assuming that there are NO income taxes, if both autonomous taxes, and government expenditures were to rise by $100 million, we would expect equilibrium GDP toA) rise by $100 million.B) rise, but by a multiple of $100 million.C) rise by less than $100 million.D) remain unaffected because leakages have changed by the same amount.

11) The size of the multiplier depends in part on theA) level of autonomous expenditures.B) change in autonomous consumption.C) level of consumption.D) marginal propensity to consume.

12) If disposable income increases by $100 and consumption increased by $85, ceteris paribus, we may conclude thatA) the marginal propensity to consume is .85.B) the marginal propensity to consume is .15.C) $15 is autonomous consumption.D) a change in disposable income is induced by a change in consumption.

13) If disposable income increases by $100 and saving increased by $25, ceteris paribus, we may conclude thatA) the marginal propensity to consume is .25.B) the marginal propensity to save is .25.C) $15 is autonomous consumption.D) a change in disposable income is induced by a change in consumption.

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14) In the simple Keynesian model of the determination of income, planned investment isA) an endogenous parameter.B) autonomous and thus an exogenous parameter.C) explained by the model of income determination.D) None of the above.

15) In equilibrium, with exports equal to imports it must be the case thatA) leakages equal injections.B) saving plus taxes equal government expenditures plus investment.C) total expenditures equal GDP.D) All of these.

16) An increase in autonomous taxesA) increases autonomous planned spending by an equal amount.B) decreases autonomous planned spending by an equal amount.C) increases consumption by that amount times the marginal propensity to consume.D) decreases saving by that amount times the marginal propensity to save.

17) An exogenous rise in government expenditures will have the same effect on GDP as an equal rise in either autonomous ___________ or autonomous ____________.A) consumption; investmentB) taxes; consumptionC) savings; investmentD) taxes; investment

18) A fall in the government's budget deficit will lowerA) equilibrium GDP and consumption.B) consumption and saving.C) saving and GDP.D) All of the above are correct.

19) A rise in the income tax rate willA) raise the multiplier and raise equilibrium income.B) lower the multiplier and raise equilibrium income.C) raise the multiplier and lower equilibrium income.D) lower the multiplier and lower equilibrium income.

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20) Assume that all taxes are lump-sum, net exports = 0, and the marginal propensity to consume is .8. Then, if investment and taxes were each to fall by $100 million, the equilibrium level of income wouldA) rise by $100 million.B) fall by $100 million.C) rise by $500 million.D) fall by $500 million.

Figure 3-2

21) Employing the information in Figure 3-2, when real disposable income is 1000, savings from households would be ____________ and the marginal propensity to save would be ____________.A) 300; .1B) 100; .2C) 100; .1D) 500; .2

Assume that the level of autonomous consumption in an economy equals 400, the level of planned investment = 200, G = 0, T = 0, NX = 0, and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.6.

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22) What is the level of consumption when the level of income equals 2000?A) 600B) 1000C) 1600D) 2000

23) What is the equilibrium level of GDP?A) 600B) 1000C) 1500D) 1800

24) If the level of production in the economy equals 3000, the amount of saving equals ____________ and the level of unintended inventory investment equals ____________.A) 200; 200B) 200; -200C) 1200; 600D) 1200; -600

Assume that all taxes in the economy are autonomous and the values for planned investment, government expenditures, and autonomous taxes are given: p = 100 G = 100 T = 50The consumption function is: C = 50 + 0.5 YD

25) What is the level of consumption when the level of income is 850?A) 375B) 425C) 450D) 475

26) What is the level of unintended inventory investment when income is 850?A) -175B) 175C) -200D) 200

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27) What is the equilibrium level of GDP?A) 300B) 400C) 450D) 525

28) What will be the equilibrium level of GDP if taxes are reduced by 10?A) 460B) 470C) 510D) 520

29) Assume that the economy is initially at its equilibrium level of GDP. What will happen to the equilibrium level of GDP if planned investment decreases by 20, government spending increases by 30, and taxes increase by 10?A) GDP will decrease by 60B) GDP will decrease by 10C) there will be no change in GDPD) GDP will increase by 10

30) An increase in the marginal propensity to import willA) raise imports and raise equilibrium income.B) lower imports and raise equilibrium income.C) lower the multiplier and reduce equilibrium income.D) raise the multiplier and reduce equilibrium income.

31) Let the marginal leakage rate be .5 while the marginal propensity to consume is .8. Then a $50 million reduction in autonomous taxes will cause autonomous consumption to ____________ and equilibrium income to ____________.A) fall by $50 billion; fall by $100 billionB) rise by $50 billion; rise by $100 billionC) fall by $40 billion; fall by $200 billionD) rise by $40 billion; rise by $80 billion

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32) Suppose the only leakages are savings and taxes. The tax rate is 0.2 and the multiplier is 1.92. These values imply that the marginal propensity to consume isA) 0.32.B) 0.60.C) 0.68.D) 0.8.

33) Assume that the marginal propensity to consume equals 0.8, the income tax rate equals 0.3, and the marginal propensity to import equals 0.2. The marginal leakage rate is ____________ and the size of the multiplier is ____________.A) 0.70; 3.33B) 0.60; 2.5C) 0.64; 1.56D) 0.50; 2.0

34) Total planned expenditures areA) C + Ip.B) Ep + C.C) Ep - Ip.D) None of the above.

35) When an economy is in equilibriumA) planned expenditures exceed production and income.B) there is no savings nor investment.C) government tax revenues equal planned government expenditures.D) production and income equal planned expenditures.

36) When an economy is not in equilibriumA) planned expenditures exceed production and income.B) there is no savings nor investment.C) government tax revenues equal planned government expenditures.D) production and income equal planned expenditures.

37) A 45 degree line on a graph with expenditures, E, on the vertical axis and production, Y, on the horizontal axis, representsA) the line of disequilibrium levels of income.B) all possible equilibrium levels of production and expenditures.C) some of the equilibrium levels of production and expenditures.D) None of the above.

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38) If planned autonomous investment is 500, autonomous consumption 300, induced consumption 2500, savings 500, and government spending and taxes zero, thenA) Ep is 3300 and the economy is in equilibrium.B) Ep is 3300 and the economy is out of equilibrium.C) Ep is 3500 and the economy is in equilibrium.D) Ep is 3500 and the economy is out of equilibrium.

39) If Ep is 3500 and Y is 3000 thenA) planned inventory accumulation is 500.B) planned inventory depletion is 500.C) unplanned inventory accumulation is 500.D) unplanned inventory depletion is 500.

40) If Ep is 3500 and Y is 3000 then companies willA) reduce orders and production by 500.B) increase orders and production by 500.C) wait for final sales to increase but continue to produce at existing level in the future.D) wait for final sales to decrease but reduce the level of production in the future.

41) If Ep is 2500 and Y is 3000 thenA) planned inventory accumulation is 500.B) planned inventory depletion is 500.C) unplanned inventory accumulation is 500.D) unplanned inventory decumulation is 500.

42) If Ep is 2500 and Y is 3000 then companies willA) reduce orders and production by 500.B) increase orders and production by 500.C) wait for final sales to increase.D) wait for final sales to decrease.

43) The "equilibrating mechanism," the reason the economy tends toward equilibrium in the simple Keynesian model, is primarilyA) autonomous but flexible prices.B) production responses to unplanned inventory changes.C) exogenous inventory changes.D) endogenous price changes.

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44) One way to view equilibrium in the simple Keynesian model without government spending and taxes is that:A) saving equals planned investment.B) saving equals planned expenditures.C) saving equals planned autonomous spending.D) None of the above.

45) Assuming a simple Keynesian multiplier, and given an increase in planned investment of $100 billion, the effect on total output will be greater than $100 billion only if theA) MPS is greater than zero.B) MPC is zero.C) MPS is less than zero.D) MPC is greater than one.

46) A $1 increase in autonomous spending has a multiplier effect greater than one on total expenditures and output becauseA) each expenditure is respent in the same amount continuously.B) overtime expenditures tend to increase.C) total expenditures include autonomous expenditures.D) each time an expenditure occurs the recipient respends a proportion of the funds.

47) If the gap between the actual level of output and the "natural real GDP" is 1000 and the marginal leakage rate is .5 then the simple Keynesian model suggests that the government could close the gap byA) increasing autonomous expenditures by 1000.B) increasing autonomous expenditures by 250.C) increasing autonomous expenditures by 500.D) decreasing taxes by 500.

48) In an economy described by the assumptions of the simple Keynesian Model, the impact of fluctuations in autonomous investment on consumption spending could beA) caused by government tax and spending policies.B) explained by changes in output, Y.C) endogenous.D) offset by government tax and spending policies.

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49) In a country without foreign trade and no income taxes, if the government increases autonomous taxes by 1000 and the MPS is .1, then the initial or first round change in expenditures by all tax payers will beA) a reduction equal to 1000.B) an increase equal to 1000.C) a reduction equal to 900.D) an increase equal to 900.

50) In a country without foreign trade and income taxes, if the government decreases autonomous spending and autonomous taxes by 50 then total expenditures and output willA) increase by 50 if the MPC is 1.B) decrease by 50 for any value of the MPS greater than zero.C) decrease by 100 if the MPS is .5.D) increase by 200 if the MPS is .25.

51) If the MPS is .1 and the income tax rate is .33 the multiplier, k, is approximatelyA) 2.5.B) 2.0.C) 10.D) 3.

52) If the MPS is 0.1 and the income tax rate is 0.33 the marginal leakage rate for a closed economy isA) 0.033.B) 0.23.C) 0.43.D) 0.397.

53) The establishment of an income tax, ceteris paribus, will result inA) a lower expenditure multiplier.B) a higher expenditure multiplier.C) no change in the size of the multiplier.D) None of the above.

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54) Since income tax revenues will rise (fall) as expenditures and output increase (decrease) the income tax results inA) a reduction in the multiplier effect on GDP of autonomous expenditures.B) autonomatic stabilization of GDP.C) A and B.D) None of the above.

55) If the MPS is .1 and the income tax rate is .33, and the fraction of income spent on imports is .25, then the multiplier isA) 2.5.B) 1.47.C) 1.51.D) 1.55.

56) If both autonomous imports and autonomous taxes decrease by $100B we expect that equilibrium income willA) increase by more than $200B.B) decrease by more than $200B.C) increase by $200B.D) remain unchanged.

57) Fluctuations in total output are the reverse image of fluctuations inA) the inflation rate.B) the unemployment rate.C) gross domestic product.D) the GDP deflator.

58) In economic models, variables taken as given and not explained by the model are called ___________ variables.A) exogenousB) endogenous.C) short-run.D) long-run.E) nominal.

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59) Economic model building begins with the construction of greatly oversimplified "benchmark" models, which are brought closer to reality by gradually removing the simplifying assumptions. In this process, more and more __________ variables become ___________.A) short-run, long-runB) exogenous, endogenousC) long-run, short-runD) endogenous, exogenousE) nominal, real

60) Which of these variables remains exogenous throughout Chapter 3?A) the interest rateB) investmentC) price levelD) all of the above

61) Suppose that in producing a GDP of 3000, goods worth 200 go unsold and are unintentionally added to business inventories. These goodsA) are not counted in total expenditure.B) are part of the investment component of expenditure.C) are nonetheless part of the consumption component of expenditure.D) are classified as net exports and are subtracted from total expenditures.

62) The one type of expenditure that we assume can differ from what spenders have planned isA) consumption.B) investment.C) government expenditure.D) net exports.

63) In the consumption function C = Ca + c(Y - T), "marginal propensity to consume" appears asA) Ca.B) c.C) cY.D) -cT.E) c(Y - T).

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64) In the consumption function, suppose a = 60, c = 0.75, Y = 3000, and T = 800. Consumption expenditure isA) 2910.B) 2245.C) 1710.D) 1590.E) 1510.

65) In the consumption function C = Ca + c(Y - T), "autonomous consumption" appears asA) Ca.B) c.C) cY.D) -cT.E) c(Y - T).

66) When stock prices fall significantly, people may feel less wealthy and thus decide to consume less of their current flow of disposable income. In our consumption function, this can be represented by aA) fall in (Y - T).B) rise in T.C) rise in c.D) fall in Ca.

67) In our consumption function, when disposable income is zero, consumption isA) Ca.B) -cT.C) -T.D) -Ca.

68) On a diagram of the consumption function and the 45-degree line, saving at each level of disposable income is the vertical distanceA) from the horizontal axis to the intersection point of the consumption line and the 45-

degree line.B) from the horizontal axis to the 45-degree line.C) between the consumption and the 45-degree lines.D) from the horizontal axis to where the consumption line intersects the vertical axis.

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69) Suppose Ca = 50, c = 0.8, and T = 410. How much is saved out of a total income of 1230?A) 706B) 606C) 278D) 196E) 114

70) Saving is positive for all levels of disposable incomeA) above zero.B) above where the consumption line intersects the 45-degree line.C) below where the consumption line intersects the 45-degree line.D) above where the consumption function intersects the vertical axis.E) above autonomous consumption.

71) During the worst of the Great Depression, in 1932 and 1933, disposable income was so low that it actually ____________ aggregate consumption, so that aggregate saving became ____________.A) rose above, positiveB) rose above, negativeC) fell below, positiveD) fell below, negative

72) Which element of total planned expenditure is not included in "autonomous planned spending?"A) cYB) -cTC) NXD) IpE) a

73) On a diagram of the planned expenditure function Ep and the 45-degree line, we find autonomous planned spendingA) where the 45-degree line hits the vertical axis.B) at each level of output by the vertical distance between the Ep and 45-degree lines.C) where Ep intersects the vertical axis.D) at each level of income by the vertical distance from the horizontal axis up to Ep.

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74) The slope of the planned expenditure line isA) autonomous consumption.B) the marginal propensity to save.C) autonomous planned spending.D) the marginal propensity to consume.

75) Total income is always equal to _____ expenditures; but only in equilibrium is it equal to ______ expenditures, producing in equilibrium _________ on income to change.A) actual, planned, pressureB) actual, planned, no pressureC) planned, actual, pressureD) planned, actual, no pressure

76) Where the planned expenditure and the 45-degree lines intersect, the economy is ______ equilibrium, with unplanned inventory investment equal to _____________.A) in, zeroB) out of, zeroC) in, planned inventory investmentD) in, autonomous planned expenditureE) out of, autonomous planned expenditure

77) Income on the horizontal axis at which the vertical distance to the 45-degree line is less than the vertical distance to the Ep line gives rise to ______-than-equal planned expenditures, and so we must be _______ the equilibrium level of income.A) less, belowB) less, aboveC) greater, belowD) greater, above

78) Income on the horizontal axis at which the vertical distance to the 45-degree line is greater than the vertical distance to the Ep line gives rise to ______-than-equal planned expenditures, and so we must be _______ the equilibrium level of income.A) less, belowB) less, aboveC) greater, belowD) greater, above

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Figure 3-3

79) In Figure 3-3, autonomous planned spending isA) 400.B) 400 + .6Y.C) .8Y.D) 400 - .6Y.E) 0.

80) In Figure 3-3, equilibrium income isA) 400.B) 640.C) 666.67.D) 1,000.E) 2,400.

81) In Figure 3-3, when income is 1,500, unplanned inventory investment isA) 200.B) 300.C) 500.D) -200.E) -500.

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82) In Figure 3-3, when income is 700, unplanned inventory investment isA) -180.B) 180.C) 300.D) -300.E) -120.

83) Income on the horizontal axis at which the vertical distance to the 45-degree line is less than the vertical distance to the Ep line gives rise to a ________ amount of unplanned inventory investment, and thus _________ pressure on output.A) positive, upwardB) positive, downwardC) negative, upwardD) negative, downward

84) Income on the horizontal axis at which the vertical distance to the 45-degree line is greater than the vertical distance to the Ep line gives rise to a ________ amount of unplanned inventory investment, and thus _________ pressure on output.A) positive, upwardB) positive, downwardC) negative, upwardD) negative, downward

85) Equilibrium income equals planned autonomous spendingA) times the marginal propensity to consume.B) divided by the marginal propensity to consume.C) times the marginal propensity to save.D) divided by the marginal propensity to save.

86) The multiplier is defined as the ratio of a change in income to theA) marginal propensity to save.B) marginal propensity to consume.C) change in the marginal propensity to consume causing it.D) change in the marginal propensity to save causing it.E) change in planned autonomous spending causing it.

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87) A marginal propensity to consume of 0.84 results in a multiplier ofA) 6.25.B) 1.19.C) 0.16.D) 0.84.E) 1.84.

88) When planned autonomous spending rises, the planned expenditure lineA) makes a parallel shift downward.B) makes a parallel shift upward.C) pivots upward from the vertical intercept.D) pivots downward from the vertical intercept.

Figure 3-4

89) In Figure 3-4, the marginal propensity to consume isA) 500.B) 2.5.C) 0.6.D) 0.4.E) 1.5.

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90) In Figure 3-4, the multiplier isA) 2.5.B) 0.6.C) 0.4.D) 1.67.E) 1.5.

91) In Figure 3-4, an equilibrium income of 2000 occurs when planned autonomous spending isA) 750.B) 800.C) 1250.D) 250.

92) In Figure 3-4, the shift from AP0 to AP1 could have been caused by a rise in net exports ofA) 180.B) 750.C) 120.D) 300.

93) In Figure 3-4, the shift from AP0 to AP1 could have been caused by a _____ in T of ______.A) fall, 300B) fall, 180C) fall, 500D) rise, 300E) rise, 500

94) Which of the components of total planned autonomous spending has a negative multiplier, and one which is lower in absolute value than the multiplier of the others?A) autonomous consumptionB) net taxesC) planned investmentD) government expenditureE) net exports

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95) Should autonomous consumption fall by one dollar, the effect of this on equilibrium income can be offset if government expenditureA) falls by one dollar.B) rises by one dollar.C) falls by 1/(1 - c) dollars.D) rises by 1/(1 - c) dollars.E) rises by c/(1 - c) dollars.

96) Should autonomous consumption rise by one dollar, the effect of this on equilibrium income can be offset if net taxes areA) raised by one dollar.B) lowered by one dollar.C) raised by c dollars.D) lowered by c dollars.E) raised by (1/c) dollars.

97) Suppose that equilibrium income is 3200 and the multiplier is 2.38. Equilibrium income would rise to 3400 if planned investmentA) rises by 84.03.B) rises by 476.C) falls by 84.03.D) falls by 476.

98) A variable which is independent of the level of income isA) endogenous.B) exogenous.C) autonomous.D) irrelevant to any theory of income determination.

99) In the consumption function C = Ca + c(Y-T), induced consumption isA) Ca + c(Y-T)B) Ca + cYC) cYD) c(Y-T)

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100) If Y = $200 billion, c = 0.75, autonomous consumption = $10 billion, and T = $20 billion, induced consumption expenditure isA) $135 billion.B) $200 billionC) $180 billionD) $150 billion

101) If Y = $200 billion, c = 0.75, autonomous consumption = $10 billion, and T = $20 billion, induced saving isA) $25 billionB) $50 billionC) $75 billionD) $150 billion

102) The saving function isA) cYB) Y-TC) (1-c)(Y-T)D) - Ca + (1-c)(Y-T)

103) In the saving function, autonomous saving isA) - Ca + (1-c)(Y-T).B) (1-c)Y.C) - Ca.D) -Y-T.

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Figure 3-5

104) In figure 3-5, the marginal propensity to save isA) 0.20.B) 0.80.C) 0.05.D) 0.02.

105) In figure 3-5, the saving function isA) 100 + 0.8(Y-T)B) -100 + 0.05(Y-T).C) 0.2Y - 100.D) 100 + Y - T.

106) In figure 3-5, saving is zero atA) point J.B) point K.C) point L.D) none of the above because saving is never equal to zero under the conditions described

in the graph.

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107) In figure 3-5, saving is positive atA) point J.B) point K.C) point L.D) all of the above.

Figure 3-6

108) In figure 3-6, income and planned expenditure are equal atA) point J.B) point K.C) point L.D) all of the above.

109) In figure 3-6, income and actual expenditures are equal atA) point J.B) point K.C) point L.D) all of the above.

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110) In figure 3-6, at point JA) there is unplanned inventory investment.B) there is unplanned inventory disinvestment.C) there is no change in inventory levels.D) intended and unintended inventory investment are equal.

111) In figure 3-6, unplanned inventory decreases occur atA) point J.B) point K.C) point L.D) all income levels.

Figure 3-7

112) In figure 3-7, when autonomous planned spending is $250, the equilibrium income level isA) $1000.B) $1250.C) $1500.D) $2500.

113) In figure 3-7, the marginal propensity to save isA) 1.B) 5.C) 0.5.D) 0.2.

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114) In figure 3-7, the multiplier isA) 2.B) 0.2.C) 5.D) 2.5.

115) In figure 3-7, the multiplier effect does not explainA) the increase in equilibrium income.B) the increase in induced saving.C) the increase in AP.D) all of the above.

116) In figure 3-7, a $250 increase in AP causesA) Y to increase by $1250.B) induced saving to increase by $250.C) consumption to increase by $1000.D) all of the above.

117) In figure 3-7, if the natural real GDP is $2500, AP= $250, and the change in Ca = change in I = change in NX = 0, then the natural real GDP could be attained with aA) $250 decrease in T.B) $250 increase in G.C) $1250 increase in G.D) $500 decrease in T.

118) In figure 3-7, if natural real GDP = $2500, AP = $250, and the change in Ca = change in I = change in NX = 0, the tax cut required to achieve then natural real GDP isA) $312.50.B) $250.00.C) $500.00.D) none of the above.

119) In figure 3-7, the multiplier for a change in autonomous taxes isA) 5.B) 4.C) 2.50.D) 1.

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120) In equilibrium,A) income = planned expenditures.B) unplanned inventory investment is zero.C) Ep (planned expenditures) crosses the 45-degree income line.D) all of the above.

121) If Ap is total autonomous planned spending, c is the marginal propensity to consume, s is the marginal propensity to save, and Y is the equilibrium income level, thenA) Ap/Y.B) Y = Ap/s.C) sY.D) cAp.

122) If Ap is total autonomous planned spending, c is the marginal propensity to consume, s is the marginal propensity to save, and Y is the equilibrium income level, then induced saving isA) Ap/Y.B) Y = Ap/s.C) sY.D) cAp.

123) If Y is income, E is actual expenditure, Ep is planned expenditure, and Iu is unintended inventory investment, thenA) Y = E + Iu.B) Iu = Y - E.C) Y = Ep + Iu.D) none of the above.

124) A marginal propensity to save of 0.20 results in a multiplier ofA) 2.B) 5.C) 1.25.D) 8.E) 1.

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125) Which of the following defines the multiplier for a change in autonomous taxes?A) -s/cB) 1/sC) 1/cD) -c/s

126) If s = MPS, and t = income tax rate, the marginal leakage rate isA) s(1-t) + t.B) s -t.C) s(1-t).D) t(1-s) + t.

127) If autonomous planned spending increases by $1 million and s =0.2 and t = 0.1, then equilibrium income increases byA) $5 million.B) $3.33 million.C) $3.57 million.D) $2.90 million.

128) Automatic stabilization refers toA) the policy of lowering tax rates during a recession.B) the policy of increasing autonomous G during a recession.C) the effect of income taxes in lowering the multiplier effect of changes in autonomous

planned spending.D) all of the above.

129) If Y = income, G = government spending, T = autonomous taxes, and t = income tax rate, then the government budget deficit can be expressed asA) G - T/Y(t).B) G - T.C) Y + G - T - ty.D) G - T - ty.

130) During a recession, automatic stabilization causes the government budget deficit toA) fall.B) increase.C) remain stable.D) move in the same direction as Y.

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131) Higher real GDP growth usually causesA) a drop in net exports.B) a rise in net exports.C) a drop in the trade deficit.D) A and C.

132) The portion of net exports determined by income in foreign countries isA) induced net exports.B) autonomous net exports.C) total net exports.D) always equal to zero.

133) Net exports ______ the autonomous expenditure multiplier.A) reduceB) increaseC) A or BD) have no effect on

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