The Force of Geology-Part OneEndogenic and Exogenic Process

Widodo, S.T., M.T.Mining Geology SMK N 1 Balikpapan

Plate Tectonic & Eartquake

Geology Process

Endogenic Internal forces beneath or at Earth’s

surface Mountain building Earthquakes

Exogenic External forces

Erosion, water, wind, chemical

Endogenic Process Plate Tectonics

Fixed Earth Theory States that continents and oceans have always been fixed in place

Plate Tectonics Theory Proposed by Alfred Wegener, 1900s Became popular in the 1960s

Pangaea Hypothesis First a supercontinent, and the tectonic plates

moved (see next slide – plate boundaries)

Plate Boundaries

Divergent Plates spreading apart, leading to:

Seafloor spreading Rift Valleys in Africa

Convergent Plates push together, leading to:

Mountain building Volcanic eruptions as dense plates dive below

Transform Grinding of plates past each other, leading to: Offset sidewalks

E.g. along the San Andreas Fault, CA

Plate Boundaries

Earthquakes

Focus Place of actual movement

Epicenter Surface directly above focus See next slide – epicenters

Seismic waves Recordable vibrations

Seismograph Recording device for seismic waves Richter Scale, 1935

Earthquakes

A 2.3 m coseismic displacement has distorted the railroad track near the railway station Tepetarla in the region between Sapanca Lake and Izmir Gulf, Turkey (www.geopages.co.uk/news/rev002.html).

Caused by Earthquakes

Earthquakes and the San Andreas Fault 

India, Gujarat earthquakeJan 26, 2001