48

CHAPTER 3

STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION

3.1 GENERAL

United Nations Development Programme Report (2006) captures

the global water crisis in the following way: Unlike wars and natural

disasters, the global crisis in water does not make media headlines. Nor does

it galvanize concerted international action. Like hunger, deprivation in access

to water is a silent crisis experienced by the poor and tolerated by those with

the resources, the technology and the political power to end it. Yet, this is a

crisis that is holding back human progress, consigning large segments of

humanity to lives of poverty, vulnerability and insecurity.

Accounting for 60% of the world‘s population, Asia currently

experiences the acute pressure of inadequate regional water resources supplies

because it only possesses 36% of global water resources (UN-Water Policy,

2005). By 2025, nearly two billion people will be living in countries or

regions with absolute water scarcity and two-thirds of the world population

could be under what the UN terms - stress conditions (UN Water Policy,

2006). Coming to terms with this water crisis will be one of the greatest two

challenges faced by every nation on the earth during early 21st century

(UNDP, 2006).

About 97% water present on the earth is in the oceans and this is

not useful for irrigation. Of the total quantity of water, only 2.6% is fresh

49

water, which is in the form of ice caps, icebergs and glaciers and only small

fraction of water is present in the ground, rivers and atmosphere that can be

harvested for irrigation of crops.

The average rainfall of India is 1194 mm. When considered over

geographical area of 328 million hectares, this rainfall amounts to 392 million

hectare meters (M ha m). Out of this rainfall, 75% is received during South-

West Monsoon period (June to September) and rest in remaining months as

shown in Figure 3.1. A major portion of water (215 M ha m) soaks into the

soil, while 70 (M ha m) is lost through evapo-transpiration process.

Figure 3.1 Flow chart showing the water resources of India

3.2 ANDHRA PRADESH STATE WATER RESOURCES

Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest State in India accounting for 9

and 8 per cent of the Country’s area and population, respectively. The State

has agriculturally prosperous area in the coastal districts (9 districts),

economically and socially backward area in Telangana (10 districts), drought

prone area in Rayalaseema (4 districts) and a fairly extended tribal belt, along

the Northern and North-Eastern regions. Andhra Pradesh has three major river

50

basins (Krishna, Godavari and Pennar) and five other smaller ones draining

into the Bay of Bengal. The State has 972 km long coastal line, generally

even, along its eastern border, abutting the Bay of Bengal. Rice is the

principal food crop cultivated throughout the State providing food for its

growing population, fodder to the cattle and employment to the rural masses.

Any decline in its hectarage and production will have a perceivable impact on

the State’s economy and food security. In Andhra Pradesh, rice is mostly

cultivated under irrigated eco-system under canals (52%), tube wells

(19.31%), tanks (16.2%), wells (8.8%) and other sources (3.7%).

3.2.1 Rainfall and its distribution pattern

Rainfall of Andhra Pradesh is influenced by both South West and

North-East monsoons. The average rainfall of the State is 925 mm, varying

from about 520 mm in Anantapur district to 1160 mm in Vizianagaram and

East Godavari districts. In some years, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, East

Godavari, Adilabad and Khammam districts have recorded 1400 to 1500 mm

rainfall. The distribution of annual rainfall in the State as a whole is about

69% during South West monsoon, 22% during North-East monsoon and 9%

during winter and summer months.

3.2.2 Agro climatic zones

Andhra Pradesh State is divided into 9 agro-climatic zones based

on the amount and distribution of rainfall pattern.

North Coastal Zone consists of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram,

Visakhapatnam districts with Regional Agricultural Research Station

(RARS), Anakapalli as regional centre. This zone receives 1000-1100mm

rainfall and possesses 12.6% of rice area.

51

Godavari Zone comprises East and West Godavari districts with

RARS, Maruteru as regional centre. Annual rainfall varies from 800-1100

mm and has 46.5% of rice area.

Krishna Zone consists of Krishna, Guntur, Parts of Prakasham,

Krammam and Nalgonda with RARS, Lam as regional centre. Important soil

groups are deltaic alluvium, red soils with clay base, black cotton soils, red

loamy coastal sands and saline soils.

Northern Telangana Zone comprises Adilabad, Nizamabad and

Karimnagar with RARS, Jagtial as regional centre. Rainfall varies from 900-

1150 mm and rice occupies 16% of rice area.

Central Telangana Zone consists of Warangal, Medak and

Khammam with RARS, Warangal as regional centre.

Southern Telangana Zone comprises the districts of Hyderabad,

Rangareddy, Mahboobnagar, Nalgonda with RARS, Palem as regional centre.

This zone receives 700-900 mm rainfall and has 9.3% of rice area.

Southern Zone includes the districts of Nellore, Chittoor Cadapah

with RARS, Tirupathi as regional centre. Annual rainfall varies from 700-

1000 mm and has about 12.6% of rice area.

Scarce rainfall zone consists of the districts of Kurnool,

Anantapur, Prakasham parts of Cudapah and Mahboobnagar with RARS,

Nandyal as regional centre . This zone has 3.8% of rice area. The average

annual rainfall ranges from 500-700mm.

High Altitude and Tribal area zone covers areas lying along the

Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and Khammam

52

district with RARS, Chintapalli as regional centre. This zone receives high

rainfall of over 1400 mm.

3.2.3 Water Resources

Andhra Pradesh is a riverine State with 40 major, medium and

minor rivers. Off these, 3 are major Inter-State Rivers. Godavari, Krishna and

Pennar flow through the heart of the State. Besides these, 5 Inter-State rivers

north of Godavari flow through Orissa and Andhra Pradesh and 4 rivers south

of Pennar flow through Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Apart from the

above 12 rivers, 28 medium and minor rivers flow within Andhra Pradesh.

The dependable yield from all these rivers is 2769 TMC. This

breaks up into 1480 TMC from Godavari, 811 TMC from Krishna, 99 TMC

from Pennar and the rest from the other small rivers, as presented in Table

3.1. Water utilization so far is only 1933 TMC irrigating 61.66 lakh ha against

cultivable area of 157.78 lakh ha. About 70% of the population of Andhra

Pradesh depends upon agriculture.

Table 3.1 River Basins in Andhra Pradesh State

Sl.No.

Name of the basin Catchment Area(Lakh ha)

Availability ofwater (TMC)

1 Krishna River Basin 76.25 811.002 Godavari River Basin 73.20 1480.003 Pennar River Basin 47.11 98.654 Vamsadhara River Basin 1.93 52.505 Other River Basin 63.58 326.866 Andhra Pradesh 262.07 2769.01

Source: Irrigation and CAD Department Government of Andhra Pradesh

53

All the rivers are seasonal with bulk of the flow taking place during

the monsoon. The State’s share of dependable flow (75 % dependability) from

the river system is estimated at 7.78 M ha m, out of which about 4.96 M ha m

is being currently utilized. It is estimated that all these rivers together

annually carry 77.75 BCM of water into the State with 75% of dependability

with the present utilization level of 49.63 BCM. The total cultivable

command area has been estimated as 11.76 M ha. The potential utilized under

surface irrigation is about 5 M ha through 17 existing major irrigation projects

and 86 medium irrigation projects and while about.88 M ha is irrigated by

more than 75,000 minor irrigation tanks. The area irrigated through ground

water is about 2.9 M ha against the potential of about 3.9 M ha.

Pennar River splits Nellore district. The SPSR (Sri Potti Sri

Ramulu) Nellore district lies between 13o30’ N and 15o6’ N and 70o 5’ E and

80 o 15’ E, with total land area of 13,076 km2. It has an average Mean Sea

Level (MSL) of 19 m. It is bordered by the Bay of Bengal to the east, the

State of Tamil Nadu to the South, the districts of Cuddapah and Prakasam to

the north. The eastern side consists of low lying lands extending from the base

of the Eastern Ghats to the sea. The west side of the district is separated from

Cuddapah district by Veligonda hills. Half of the total area is cultivated and

the rest is wasteland because of rocky land, sandy coastline or covered with

scrub jungles. Pennar, Swarnamukhi and Gundlakamma are the main rivers

that flow through the district. They are not navigable and are mainly used for

irrigation purposes. Tributaries to Pennar like Kandaleru and Boggeru serve

the remaining area. This area is rich in quartzite out of which the prehistoric

man made his weapons and implements.

The Pennar river system (Figure 3.2) flows through Nellore district

over a length of 112 km across which Sangam and Nellore anicuts were built

more than a Century ago to irrigate the agricultural lands. Nellore anicut was

54

55

built 140 years ago by Sir Arthur Cotton during British period. It has two

main canals to the right side, namely, Sarvepalli canal and Jafar Sahab canal.

Sanagam anicut has four canals namely Duvvuru canal, Kanupur canal,

Nellore tank supply canal and Kanigiri reservoir supply canal. Kanigiri

reservoir is the second largest reservoir in the Andhra Pradesh State and was

designed with a storage capacity of 3.5 TMC (extent of submergence is 24

square miles) with 10.4 km earthen bund. It supplies irrigation water to an

extent of 1.4 lakh acre through Eastern Channel, Southern Channel, Malidevi

Drain, New Vavveru Channel , Yelamanchipadu Channel and Pyderu escape

Channel. The Allur Delta system which draws water from Pyderu escape

channel was developed as early as Krishna Devaraya’s period during

sixteenth century. Initially, it was started for 400 acres, but later on, it has

been extended to 1200 acres.

During the British period, the system was further augmented to

40,000 acres and stabilized by providing sluices and other structural elements.

Recently, during 1970s, in the upstream side of these anicuts, Somasila dam

with a storage capacity of 70 TMC, was constructed and it stabilizes the entire

Pennar delta canal system.

3.3 STUDY AREA

Kanigiri reservoir command, which is a part of Pennar basin is the

area selected for this study. The basin lies between 77º 04' E and 80º 10' E and

13º16' N and 15º52' N. It is bounded on the north by the Erramala range, on

the east by the Nallamala and Velikonda ranges of the Eastern Ghats, on the

south by the Nandidurg hills and on the west by the narrow ridge separating it

from the Vedavati valley of the Krishna basin. Index map of the study area is

presented in Figure 3.3.

56

Figure 3.3 Index map of the study area

57

The geology of the drainage basin is predominantly formed from

Archean rocks, principally granitic intrustives into metamorphic schists. The

Archeans in this region comprise biotite and hornblende granite-gneisses,

granodiorite, diorite, and pegmatite.

Important soil types found in the basin are red soil, black soil, sandy

soil and mixed soil. The cultivable area of the basin is about 3.54 M ha, which

is about 1.8% of the cultivable area of the country. Under major land uses in

the Pennar basin, forests account for 21% whereas nearly 12% falls under

barren land. Net sown area is 36% while total cultivable area is about 55%. In

the basin, double crops are taken over in 1.66 % area. The catchment receives

rainfall during both the south-west and north-east monsoons. The north-east

monsoon provides a little precipitation but the predominant rainfalls occur

during the south-west monsoon. Post monsoon cyclonic activity in the Bay of

Bengal during September and October produces an increased rainfall in the

coastal region.

The mean annual rainfall in the basin varies from about 550 mm

around Anantapur area to 900 mm around Nellore. From the temperature

records, it is seen that the mean maximum daily temperature varies from 40.3º

C observed at Cuddapah to 34.7° C observed at Arogyavaram and the mean

minimum daily temperature varies from 20° C observed at Nellore to 15.3° C

observed at Arogyavaram. In general, humidity is high during the monsoon

period and moderate during non-monsoon period. The relative humidity in the

catchment of Pennar ranges from 21-84 %. The surface water potential and

ground water potential of the basin are estimated to be 6320 Mm3 and

4930 Mm3 respectively.

58

3.3.1 Climate and Rainfall

The climate seasons in the study area are broadly classified into the

following four types:

Winter: January and February

Summer: March to May

South West Monsoons – June to September

North East Monsoons – October to December

The maximum temperature is 36-46º C during summer and the

minimum temperature is 23-25º C during winter. The rainfall ranges from

700–1000 mm through South West and North East Monsoons. Nellore is

subjected both to droughts and to floods in different seasons.

3.3.2 Agriculture

Nellore is also famous for quality rice production and aqua (prawn

and fish) culture. Nellore district is called the "Shrimp capital of India" due to

its high production of cultured shrimp. About 70 percent of the total work

force is dependent upon agriculture either as farmers or as agricultural labour.

The main crops are rice paddy and sugar cane. It is particularly famous for a

rice breed called "Molagolukulu". The generalized crop calendar for Nellore

district is presented in Figure 3.4.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION

The data utilized in this study comprises of both spatial and non-

spatial data. The data needed for assessing drought can be grouped into three

categories viz., meteorological, hydrological and agricultural. The data

collected from various departments are presented.

59

Sl.No.

Croppingpattern Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

1Paddy-EarlyKharif

2 Paddy-Rabi

3 Paddy-Third Crop

4 Sugarcane

Figure 3.4 Generalised crop calendar for Nellore district

3.4.1 Topographic maps

The study area is resulted from the mosaic of 2 topographic maps

of Survey of India (SOI), viz., 57N/14 and 66B/2 at 1:50,000 scale. From

these maps, information such as the boundary of the study area, water bodies

etc., are extracted and used as input data for database creation. These maps

have also been used for geo-referencing of the remotely sensed data.

3.4.2 Meteorological Data

Monthly rainfall data for 5 raingauge stations were collected from

the Department of Economic and Statistics, for the period from 1984-2012.

Climatological data such as temperature, humidity, sun shine etc., were

collected from the Agricultural Research Centre, Nellore(ARS), Bureau of

Economics and Statistics, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.

3.4.3 Remote sensing data

The remotely sensed dataset used in this study consists of Indian

Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) 1C and 1D, Wide Image Field Sensor (WiFS)

60

data during January 2007 and January 2008 of Rabi season and June 2007 and

June 2008 of Kharif season. The datasets were procured from National

Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad and are used to demarcate the area falling

under crop land and fallow land in the study area for the various seasons.

Land use / land cover map of the study area was prepared from IRS-1C LISS

III images of June 2005. The land use map was digitized using Arc Map GIS

software for different thematic layers.

3.4.4 Water Users Associations

Basic details and activities of Water Users Associations (WUAs)

functioning along Pyderu canal has been collected through a questionnaire

survey. Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) technique was adopted to collect the

data. Two sets of questionnaire were developed. The first one was used

among the presidents of existing WUAs to provide the findings on the

existing functional activities of WUA’s of Pyderu canal. Second set of

questionnaire was used to identify the involvement level and awareness about

provisions in APFMIS (Andhra Pradesh Farmers Managed Irrigation Systems

Act, 1997) in the tail-end association of the study area namely, Allimadugu.

The questionnaire also addresses the issues of strengths and weaknesses of the

functioning of WUA.

3.5 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

The rainfall data and ground water data collected were analysed to

understand the general surface and groundwater hydrological conditions of

the study area. Data collected through the questionnaire survey have been

analysed to understand the strength and weaknesses of the WUAs in various

aspects.

61

3.5.1 Seasonal and Annual Rainfall Analysis

Rainfall data were collected from the available five raingauge

stations in and around the study area during 1989 to 2012. The data collected

were analysed for average monthly rainfall and listed out in the Table 3.2 with

the respective rain gauge stations. It has been observed from the data analysed

that all stations considered receive maximum rainfall from August to

December. Out of all the rain gauge stations, Allur receives the highest

rainfall in October because of its location near to the Bay of Bengal.

The entire study area receives maximum amount (58%) of rainfall

during the months of October (30%) and November (28%). There is a typical

rainfall of 8% of annual rainfall occurring in each of July, August, September

and December months. All rain gauge stations receive 5% of yearly rainfall

during May and June months.

Table 3.2 Mean Monthly Rainfall of the Study Area

Sl. No Month Allur Bogole Buchi Dagadarthi Kodavalur1 January 23.5 23.4 12.8 13.8 16.72 February 14.6 12.6 11.7 11 11.73 March 6.7 9.3 4.7 5.4 6.84 April 11.5 8.3 8.9 8 8.45 May 62.4 62.2 62.7 47.9 51.86 June 53.4 57.2 57.8 43.6 50.47 July 86.3 74.9 83.1 75.8 66.98 August 99 94.6 107.6 81 89.49 September 91.8 88.4 97.4 88 84.910 October 367 340.9 348.8 344.3 327.911 November 299.3 310.5 322 312.4 303.112 December 99.7 100.2 100.4 79.1 100.8

62

The average monsoon seasonal and annual values of rainfall for all

stations were analysed and presented in the Table 3.3 and also represented in

Figure 3.5. The study area receives maximum amount of rainfall during

North-East monsoon (64%).

Table 3.3 Average Annual and Seasonal Rainfall in the Study Area

Seasonal Rainfall (mm)Sl.No

Name of the

Station

AnnualRainfall

(mm) South-West North-East Winter Summer

1 Allur 1215.2 238.7 758.2 137.8 80.62 Bogole 1182.3 226.6 739.8 136.2 79.73 Buchi 1218.0 248.6 768.2 124.9 76.34 Dagadarthi 1110.3 200.4 744.7 103.8 61.35 Kodavalur 1118.7 206.7 715.9 129.2 66.9

Figure 3.5 Variation of Mansoon Seasonal Rainfall in the Study Area

Rainfall during North-East mansoon, the minimum and maximum

rainfall occurred as 715.9 mm and 768.2 mm at Kodavalur and Buchi stations

respectively. About 19% of annual rainfall is received during South-West

monsoon. Rainfall during South-West mansoon varies spatially from

200.4 mm at Dagadarthi to 248.6 mm at Buchi. In the Winter Season, a

63

significant rainfall of 11% occurs and ranges between 103.8 mm to 137.8 mm

at the stations Dagadarthi and Allur. During Summer period, only 6% of

rainfall occurs. Summer season has the lowest rainfall history in the area with

Dagadarthi receiving the lowest as 61.3 mm and Allur receives the maximum

rainfall as 80.6 mm.

3.5.2 Rainfall Analysis for Crop Seasons

Rabi (November-March) and Early Kharif (April-August) are the

two main crop seasons in the study area. The crop seasonal rainfall for all the

stations were analysed and presented in Table 3.4. The spatial variation of

rainfall in Rabi season is significantly low in comparison with that of the

Early Kharif season.

Table 3.4 Average Crop Seasonal Rainfall (mm) in the Study Area

Rainfall (mm)Sl.No.

Name of the Station Rabi

(Nov-March)Early Kharif(April-Aug)

1 Allur 443.8 312.62 Bogole 456.0 297.13 Buchi 451.6 320.24 Dagadarthi 421.6 256.35 Kodavalur 439.1 266.8

From the crop seasonal analysis of rainfall, it is evident that the

entire study area receives 37% of annual rainfall during Rabi season and 24%

of yearly rainfall in Early Kharif season. The high rainfall during Rabi season

is due to the fact that the study area receives maximum rainfall during North-

East monsoon. The average rainfall of the Rabi season is 442.4 mm and that

of the Early Kharif season is 290.6 mm. From the analysis of the Figure 3.6, it

is obvious that the average seasonal rainfall value is higher than the Early

Kharif value.

64

Figure 3.6 Variation of Crop Seasonal Rainfall in the Study Area

It is also observed from the Table that the variation in rainfall

quantity among the stations is not considerable amount during the Rabi

season. But in the Early Kharif season the maximum variation in the rainfall

is only about 60 mm between Dagadarthi and Buchi. In the overall view

Buchi receives highest rainfall both in the Rabi and the Early Kharif seasons.

Crop seasonal rainfall of five rain gauge stations were analysed for their

comparison with the long term average and categorizations of normal, excess

and deficit nature and presented in Tables 3.5 to 3.14. The categorizations of

normal, excess and deficit nature of crop seasonal rainfall from the long term

mean gives idea about the depth of rainfall available for crop production. If

the rainfall is in excess of normal, then the stress on irrigation system will be

less and vice versa.

65

Table 3.5 Crop Seasonal rainfall analysis for Early Kharif of Allurraingauge station

Sl. No. Year APR MAY JUN JULY AUG Total

1 1989 0 0 5.5 242.8 24.8 273.1 Normal

2 1990 20.0 421.6 31.4 59.2 181.0 713.2 Excess

3 1991 0.0 0.0 248.8 34.8 45.4 329 Normal

4 1992 0.0 14.6 38.6 90.2 150.4 293.8 Normal

5 1993 0.0 12.4 20.6 74.1 52.2 159.3 Deficit

6 1994 0.0 18.0 24.9 89.6 126.2 258.7 Normal

7 1995 0.0 475.2 39.8 207.8 140.9 863.7 Excess

8 1996 19.3 13.4 173.2 76.8 69.6 352.3 Normal

9 1997 114.0 3.0 7.0 126.2 33.0 283.2 Normal

10 1998 0.0 0.0 8.0 43.8 85.4 137.2 Deficit

11 1999 0.0 18.0 6.4 56.0 109.0 189.4 Deficit

12 2000 0.0 78.0 128.0 179.4 331.8 717.2 Excess

13 2001 56.8 0.0 49.0 25.0 57.0 187.8 Deficit

14 2002 0.0 0.0 13.0 30.0 60.8 103.8 Deficit

15 2003 0.0 0.0 13.4 223.8 80.8 318 Normal

16 2004 0.0 94.8 33.2 56.8 28.0 212.8 Deficit

17 2005 0.0 13.4 4.8 31.8 38.0 88 Deficit

18 2006 19.0 31.8 84.8 11.4 33.2 180.2 Deficit

19 2007 6.6 10.4 121.2 99.0 87.4 324.6 Normal

20 2008 0.0 0.4 0.8 64.6 58.2 124 Deficit

21 2009 0 45 49.4 11 132 237.4 Deficit

22 2010 0 114.6 71.4 58.8 175.2 420 Excess

23 2011 16.4 9.0 55 91 177.6 349 Normal

66

Table 3.6 Crop Seasonal rainfall analysis for Early Kharif of Bogoleraingauge station

Sl. No. YEAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG Total

1 1989 0 0 13.4 174.4 46.6 234.4 Deficit

2 1990 28.0 301.3 42.2 73.8 151.9 597.2 Excess

3 1991 0.0 0.0 264.8 26.6 55.9 347.3 Excess

4 1992 0.0 2.0 10.0 62.4 315.8 390.2 Excess

5 1993 0.0 12.3 19.7 25.5 79.9 137.4 Deficit

6 1994 0.0 13.4 19.3 130.2 75.6 238.5 Deficit

7 1995 0.0 504.4 8.2 142.7 127.6 782.9 Excess

8 1996 0.0 29.8 164.2 49.5 74.1 317.6 Normal

9 1997 50.6 20.8 5.9 160.8 20.8 258.9 Normal

10 1998 0.0 0.0 25.0 41.7 65.0 131.7 Deficit

11 1999 0.0 15.4 5.8 54.8 89.6 165.6 Deficit

12 2000 0.0 83.2 162.2 153.0 294.8 693.2 Excess

13 2001 57.0 0.0 33.0 39.6 39.0 168.6 Deficit

14 2002 0.0 0.0 37.0 25.7 18.7 81.4 Deficit

15 2003 0.0 0.0 35.0 156.0 93.8 284.8 Normal

16 2004 0.0 129.9 59.9 66.2 11.6 267.6 Normal

17 2005 0.0 39.2 16.2 13.4 55.0 123.8 Deficit

18 2006 25.0 24.0 58.4 9.0 33.0 149.4 Deficit

19 2007 4.0 6.0 118.3 97.8 114.6 340.7 Normal

20 2008 0.0 0.0 9.0 90.0 79.8 178.8 Deficit

21 2009 0.0 61.2 66.4 6.0 110.2 243.8 Normal

22 2010 0.0 115.2 105.6 72.8 131.0 424.6 Excess

23 2011 17.4 10.0 35.4 51.2 90.4 204.4 Deficit

67

Table 3.7 Crop seasonal rainfall analysis for Early Kharif of Buchiraingauge station

S.No Year APR MAY JUN JULY AUG Total

1 1989 0 0 19.4 150.8 26.1 196.3 Deficit

2 1990 58.4 257.5 21.0 53.1 78.6 468.6 Excess

3 1991 0.0 7.5 361.4 27.3 140.2 536.4 Excess

4 1992 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.5 208.9 259.4 Deficit

5 1993 0.0 10.0 0.0 92.9 70.4 173.3 Deficit

6 1994 0.0 11.8 9.0 44.3 256.4 321.5 Normal

7 1995 0.0 388.8 45.9 188.4 69.3 692.4 Excess

8 1996 14.8 4.4 206.6 18.7 189.2 433.7 Excess

9 1997 7.0 7.0 6.6 102.8 36.3 159.7 Deficit

10 1998 0.0 0.0 14.0 41.0 95.6 150.6 Deficit

11 1999 0.0 78.0 32.4 71.0 63.8 245.2 Deficit

12 2000 2.5 81.1 123.2 142.1 177.8 526.7 Excess

13 2001 46.0 5.2 31.0 20.2 101.5 203.9 Deficit

14 2002 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 102.8 104.8 Deficit

15 2003 0.0 0.0 0.0 353.0 53.2 406.2 Excess

16 2004 0.0 269.3 59.7 166.6 24.2 519.8 Excess

17 2005 2.5 71.2 22.9 57.7 96.0 250.3 Deficit

18 2006 37.4 23.8 65.8 19.6 22.8 169.4 Deficit

19 2007 33.4 1.8 116.6 88.2 86.8 326.8 Normal

20 2008 0.0 0.0 7.4 36.4 130.4 174.2 Deficit

21 2009 0 0 30.2 5.2 210.2 245.6 Deficit

22 2010 0 162.7 79.2 137.0 153.0 531.9 Excess

23 2011 2 0.0 78.2 43.6 81.2 205 Deficit

68

Table 3.8 Crop seasonal rainfall analysis for Early Kharif ofDagadarthy raingauge station

Sl. No YEAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG Total

1 1989 0 0 5.0 256.4 30.6 292 Normal

2 1990 0.0 249.2 0.0 39.8 77.4 366.4 Excess

3 1991 0.0 0.0 340.0 36.0 65.6 441.6 Excess

4 1992 0.0 3.0 5.2 36.4 121.8 166.4 Deficit

5 1993 0.0 0.0 24.0 27.6 31.8 83.4 Deficit

6 1994 0.0 24.4 18.4 167.0 154.0 363.8 Excess

7 1995 0.0 505.0 15.4 240.4 64.0 824.8 Excess

8 1996 17.8 19.4 114.6 92.0 148.4 392.2 Excess

9 1997 41.0 5.6 14.8 99.6 26.4 187.4 Deficit

10 1998 0.0 0.0 5.4 15.6 53.5 74.5 Deficit

11 1999 0.0 5.2 11.0 74.4 110.8 201.4 Deficit

12 2000 0.0 46.6 102.8 87.2 247.2 483.8 Excess

13 2001 52.2 0.0 40.8 18.0 37.6 148.6 Deficit

14 2002 0.0 0.0 8.4 12.8 18.1 39.3 Deficit

15 2003 0.0 0.0 2.4 155.2 58.4 216 Normal

16 2004 0.0 39.2 27.6 50.9 13.6 131.3 Deficit

17 2005 2.2 34.2 4.2 31.2 46.0 117.8 Deficit

18 2006 26.2 15.6 69.4 12.2 25.2 148.6 Deficit

19 2007 18.8 10.2 60.1 105.1 118.9 313.1 Excess

20 2008 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.4 52.1 87.5 Deficit

21 2009 0 26.7 38.0 9.2 126.3 200.2 Deficit

22 2010 0 88.8 58.6 64.8 139.8 352 Excess

23 2011 25.4 28.6 35.8 76.6 96.4 262.8 Normal

69

Table 3.9 Crop seasonal rainfall analysis for Early Kharif of Kodavaluraingauge station

S.No Year APR MAY JUN JULY AUG Total

1 1989 0 0 0.0 157.0 38.1 195.1 Deficit

2 1990 60.0 238.7 0.0 49.1 95.6 443.4 Excess

3 1991 0.0 0.0 222.8 31.2 103.8 357.8 Excess

4 1992 0.0 0.0 4.0 49.4 80.8 134.2 Deficit

5 1993 0.0 15.0 0.0 53.2 40.8 109 Deficit

6 1994 0.0 10.1 9.0 25.3 107.8 152.2 Deficit

7 1995 0.0 326.6 46.2 107.6 80.8 561.2 Excess

8 1996 20.0 19.0 182.6 33.0 102.2 356.8 Excess

9 1997 4.0 0.0 19.0 105.6 47.8 176.4 Deficit

10 1998 0.0 0.0 8.0 44.8 21.0 73.8 Deficit

11 1999 0.0 19.4 10.2 42.2 56.6 128.4 Deficit

12 2000 0.0 15.8 91.8 125.2 218.6 451.4 Excess

13 2001 44.2 0.0 122.2 17.8 60.7 244.9 Normal

14 2002 0.0 14.4 2.2 2.8 73.6 93 Deficit

15 2003 0.0 0.0 11.4 270.2 50.4 332 Excess

16 2004 1.3 152.7 17.7 103.0 15.8 290.5 Normal

17 2005 0.0 85.8 2.0 22.6 74.4 184.8 Deficit

18 2006 23.6 53.1 48.6 35.2 47.4 207.9 Deficit

19 2007 16.6 2.8 155.2 76.0 166.0 416.6 Excess

20 2008 0.0 0.0 5.2 29.8 117.2 152.2 Deficit

21 2009 0 18.2 33.4 14.2 165 230.8 Normal

22 2010 0 165.6 89.2 101.4 203 559.2 Excess

23 2011 14.6 1.6 77.8 42.6 89.0 225.6 Normal

70

Table 3.10 Crop Seasonal rainfall analysis for Rabi of Allur raingaugestation

Sl.No Year NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR Total

1 1989-90 268.2 135.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 404.0 Normal

2 1990-91 347.2 87.0 8.8 0.0 0.0 443.0 Normal

3 1991-92 533.9 22.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 556.1 Excess

4 1992-93 396.8 0.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 403.8 Normal

5 1993-94 264.0 229.4 0.0 34.7 0.0 528.1 Excess

6 1994-95 399.4 106.8 72.2 0.0 0.0 578.4 Excess

7 1995-96 137.6 0.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 146.6 Deficit

8 1996-97 162.8 287.2 82.0 0.0 0.0 532.0 Excess

9 1997-98 411.0 433.8 3.0 0.0 0.0 847.8 Excess

10 1998-99 221.4 18.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 239.4 Deficit

11 1999-00 131.6 4.2 0.0 183.0 0.0 318.8 Deficit

12 2000-01 400.0 161.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 561.0 Excess

13 2001-02 437.8 266.0 290.8 0.0 0.0 994.6 Excess

14 2002-03 222.6 23.0 0.0 0.0 84.0 329.6 Deficit

15 2003-04 63.0 160.2 38.8 0.0 0.0 262.0 Deficit

16 2004-05 356.8 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 359.4 Deficit

17 2005-06 293.8 52.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 375.8 Normal

18 2006-07 523.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 548.0 Excess

19 2007-08 26.0 34.4 0.0 80.2 40.0 180.6 Deficit

20 2008-09 311.8 6.6 0 0 0 318.4 Deficit

21 2009-10 440.4 122 0 0 0 562.4 Excess

22 2010-11 275.0 102.4 35.0 30.6 0 443.0 Normal

23 2011-12 260.8 13.8 0.00 0.00 0.0 274.6 Deficit

71

Table 3.11 Crop Seasonal rainfall analysis for Rabi of Bogole raingaugestation

Sl.No Year NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR Total

1 1989-90 317.0 150.9 0.0 0.0 8.4 476.3 Normal

2 1990-91 365.6 0.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 376.6 Normal

3 1991-92 540.0 93.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 633.0 Excess

4 1992-93 388.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.9 405.0 Normal

5 1993-94 180.6 271.1 0.0 58.5 0.0 510.2 Normal

6 1994-95 611.3 125.0 63.0 0.0 0.0 799.3 Excess

7 1995-96 110.6 12.2 6.2 0.0 0.0 129.0 Deficit

8 1996-97 149.7 231.7 74.2 0.0 0.0 455.6 Normal

9 1997-98 427.4 433.2 2.5 0.0 0.0 863.1 Excess

10 1998-99 209.6 15.6 2.2 0.0 0.0 227.4 Deficit

11 1999-00 113.8 2.8 0.0 164.6 0.0 281.2 Deficit

12 2000-01 147.2 70.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 217.2 Deficit

13 2001-02 382.5 182.7 263.2 0.0 0.0 828.4 Excess

14 2002-03 278.0 9.4 0.0 0.0 115.2 402.6 Normal

15 2003-04 63.7 143.4 110.0 0.0 19.6 336.7 Deficit

16 2004-05 356.8 0.0 0.0 12.4 0.0 369.2 Deficit

17 2005-06 225.6 47.2 0.0 0.0 12.0 284.8 Deficit

18 2006-07 500.4 28.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 528.8 Normal

19 2007-08 65.0 24.4 0.0 49.0 31.6 170.0 Deficit

20 2008-09 426.6 6.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 433.4 Normal

21 2009-10 558.6 75.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 634.2 Excess

22 2010-11 467.8 125.0 5.4 4.4 0.0 602.6 Excess

23 2011-12 256.7 256.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 513.4 Normal

72

Table 3.12 Crop seasonal rainfall analysis for Rabi of Buchi raingaugestation

Sl.No Year NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR Total

1 1989-90 198.5 199.7 0.0 0.0 25.2 423.4 Normal

2 1990-91 326.4 16.0 8.2 48.0 0.0 398.6 Normal

3 1991-92 579.6 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 584.1 Excess

4 1992-93 504.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 504.4 Normal

5 1993-94 400.8 208.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 609.3 Excess

6 1994-95 297.7 172.8 57.2 0.0 0.0 527.7 Normal

7 1995-96 125.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 125.3 Deficit

8 1996-97 202.2 420.2 40.8 0.0 0.0 663.2 Excess

9 1997-98 469.2 230.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 699.2 Excess

10 1998-99 311.6 27.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 338.6 Deficit

11 1999-00 221.4 4.8 0.0 171.0 0.0 397.2 Normal

12 2000-01 184.6 153.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 338.4 Deficit

13 2001-02 351.4 320.0 172.8 0.0 0.0 844.2 Excess

14 2002-03 353.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 356.0 Deficit

15 2003-04 100.4 88.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 189.3 Deficit

16 2004-05 389.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 389.4 Normal

17 2005-06 364.7 66.2 0.0 0.0 54.0 484.9 Normal

18 2006-07 357.2 64.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 421.2 Normal

19 2007-08 108.9 40.3 16.1 47.3 29.8 242.4 Deficit

20 2008-09 362.1 4 0 0 0 366.1 Deficit

21 2009-10 495.8 127.8 0 0 0 623.6 Excess

22 2010-11 391.6 130.0 0 2.4 0 524.0 Normal

23 2011-12 308.2 27.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 335.4 Deficit

73

Table 3.13 Crop seasonal rainfall analysis for Rabi of Dagadarthyraingauge station

Sl.No Year NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR Total

1 1989-90 252.2 60.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 312.4 Deficit

2 1990-91 373.0 10.6 75.2 0.0 0.0 458.8 Normal

3 1991-92 605.8 37.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 643.6 Excess

4 1992-93 571.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 571.0 Excess

5 1993-94 285.2 164.8 5.0 12.6 0.0 467.6 Normal

6 1994-95 437.8 199.2 27.8 0.0 0.0 664.8 Excess

7 1995-96 111.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 111.0 Deficit

8 1996-97 184.0 236.0 40.6 0.0 0.0 460.6 Normal

9 1997-98 382.6 238.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 621.4 Excess

10 1998-99 314.0 18.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 332.2 Deficit

11 1999-00 148.6 0.0 0.0 191.6 0.0 340.2 Deficit

12 2000-01 309.0 106.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 415.2 Normal

13 2001-02 277.4 169.0 137.4 0.0 0.0 583.8 Excess

14 2002-03 303.2 13.4 0.0 0.0 45.0 361.6 Normal

15 2003-04 62.6 170.6 6.2 0.0 20.4 259.8 Deficit

16 2004-05 293.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 293.6 Deficit

17 2005-06 197.9 39.3 0.0 0.0 28.2 265.4 Deficit

18 2006-07 396.2 45.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 441.4 Normal

19 2007-08 62.5 15.2 0.0 39.6 31.0 148.3 Deficit

20 2008-09 336.0 3.6 0 0 0 339.6 Deficit

21 2009-10 561.9 136.9 0 0 0 698.8 Excess

22 2010-11 392.5 87.5 24.6 8.8 0 513.4 Excess

23 2011-12 326.7 66.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 393.3 Normal

74

Table 3.14 Crop seasonal rainfall analysis for Rabi of Kodavaluraingauge station

Sl.No Year NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR Total

1 1989-90 206.8 162.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 368.8 Normal

2 1990-91 219.0 49.8 39.0 0.0 0.0 307.8 Deficit

3 1991-92 700.8 36.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 736.8 Excess

4 1992-93 368.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 368.3 Normal

5 1993-94 357.2 184.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 550.2 Excess

6 1994-95 372.5 250.6 65.8 0.0 0.0 688.9 Excess

7 1995-96 186.8 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 190.8 Deficit

8 1996-97 101.4 295.7 72.8 0.0 0.0 469.9 Normal

9 1997-98 457.5 326.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 783.5 Excess

10 1998-99 231.6 38.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 269.6 Deficit

11 1999-00 230.8 11.2 0.0 181.4 0.0 423.4 Normal

12 2000-01 183.8 155.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 339.4 Deficit

13 2001-02 296.7 173.2 170.4 0.0 0.0 640.3 Excess

14 2002-03 232.8 19.4 0.0 0.0 79.0 331.2 Deficit

15 2003-04 67.6 181.6 13.6 0.0 0.0 262.8 Deficit

16 2004-05 276.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 276.6 Deficit

17 2005-06 380.0 49.4 0.0 0.0 35.7 465.1 Normal

18 2006-07 431.8 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 442.8 Normal

19 2007-08 60.4 37.2 0 60.2 41.2 199.0 Deficit

20 2008-09 193.7 40.4 0 0 0 234.1 Deficit

21 2009-10 653 143.4 6.4 0 0 802.8 Excess

22 2010-11 428.3 104.2 16 18.6 0 567.1 Excess

23 2011-12 333.4 46.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 379.4 Normal

75

The overall categorization for both seasons are presented in Table

3.15 and Figures 3.7 & 3.8 respectively.

Table 3.15 Categorization of Crop Seasonal Rainfall

Early Kharif RabiSl.No. Station Excess

(%)Normal

(%)Deficit

(%)Excess

(%)Normal

(%)Deficit

(%)1 Allur 17 39 43 39 22 39

2 Bogole 26 26 48 26 39 35

3 Buchi 35 9 57 26 39 35

4 Dagadarthi 35 13 52 30 30 39

5 Kodavalur 35 17 48 30 30 39

Figure 3.7 Categorization of Early Kharif Seasonal Rainfall

76

Figure 3.8 Categorization of Rabi Seasonal Rainfall

During Early Kharif season the categorization had significant

variation among the five stations. The Allur rain gauge station receives a

balanced normal (39 %) and deficit (43.5%) rainfall periods with less excess

(17.5 %) rainfall period. The normal and excess rainfall periods of the

Bogole rain gauge station are 26% with 48 % period falls on deficit period.

The Dagadharthy rain gauge station is highly influenced by deficit rainfall

period of 52 % and moderate excess rainfall period of 35 %. The Buchi

station receives a maximum deficit period of 57 % and followed by a

moderate excess rainfall period of 35%. The excess, normal and deficit

rainfall periods of Kodavalur rain gauge station are 35%, 17% and 48%

respectively.

The variation in categorization of Rabi seasonal rainfall is

comparatively lesser than the Early Kharif seasonal rainfall of all five rain

gauge stations. The Allur station had maximum excess rainfall period of

39% followed by Kodavalur and Dagadharthy stations of 30% and 26% for

77

Bogole and Buchi stations. The Kodavalur and Dagadharthy stations and

Bogole and Buchi stations shows a similar normal and deficit rainfall periods.

A 39% normal rainfall period occurs in Bogole and Buchired stations and

30% for Kodavalur and Dagadharthy rainfall stations. Similarly, maximum

deficit rainfall period of 39% occurs in Allur, Kodavalur and Dagadharthy

stations. The Bogole and Buchi stations receive 35% of deficit rainfall

period.

3.5.3 Temporal Analysis of Groundwater (GW)

The variation of groundwater in the study area for last 13 years is

analyzed for the four observation wells. Using the monthly groundwater level

data, temporal analysis is carried out by drawing GW hydrograph for four

observation wells separately in and around the study area. To analyze the GW

trend continuously during the entire period, GW hydrograph with moving

average curves are plotted for all four observation wells. Figure 3.9 to 3.12

show the GW hydrographs with moving average curves for coastal, near-

head-reach, head-reach and middle-reach areas respectively.

Figure 3.9 GW hydrograph of Allur

78

Figure 3.10 GW hydrograph of Buchi

Figure 3.11 GW hydrograph of Dagadarthi

79

Figure 3.12 GW hydrograph of Thalamanchi

The moving average curves are drawn to represent 12 months

moving average values. As the moving average is taken for larger number of

months, the curve smoothens to give a better overall picture of the temporal

variation.

The trend analysis shows the well located at Allur station had a

very high increase in groundwater potential over the years. The average water

level has gone down from 2.12 mbgl (metre below ground level) to 4.76 mbgl

(-2.64 m) during the period 2000 to 2004 and had gone up from 4.76 mbgl to

0.2 mbgl (+4.56 m) during the period 2004 to 2011. There is a very good rise

of groundwater level in the year 2004. After that a steady increase of

groundwater taking place in this area. In the well located at Buchi station, the

average water level has gone down from 2.11 mbgl to 9.10 mbgl (-6.99 m)

during the period 2000 to 2002 and had gone up from 5.5 mbgl to 3.5 mbgl

(+2.00 m) during the period 2002 to 2011. Even though, the trend analysis

identifies a positive trend in groundwater level in Buchi station, the increase

80

in groundwater level is comparatively less than the Allur station. More

particularly after the year 2004, the increase in groundwater level is less.

In the well located at Dagadathi station, the average water level

has gone down from 5.00 mbgl to 7.10 mbgl (-2.10 m) during the period

2000 to 2004 and had gone up from 7.10 mbgl to 4.55 mbgl (+2.55 m)

during the period 2004 to 2011. In the well located at Thalamanchi station,

the average water level has gone down from 4.40 mbgl to 6.10 mbgl (-1.70

m) during the period 2000 to 2004 and had gone up from 6.10 mbgl to 5.50

mbgl (+0.60 m) during the period 2004 to 2011. Both Dagadathi &

Thalamanchi groundwater wells show similar increasing trend in

groundwater level. The rise in groundwater level is lesser than the other

areas. The variation in groundwater level is minimum in both Dagadathi &

Thalamanchi groundwater wells.

An analysis was carried out on the ground water depth fluctuations in

the study areas and the results are presented in the Table 3.16. It is observed

from the table that the ground water level fluctuations are more in Allur

station during the entire study period 2000-2011.

Table 3.16 Annual groundwater level fluctuation in the study area

Sl.No.

Name of the Well LocationAnnual GWL Fluctuation

(m/year)

1 Allur +0.33

2 Buchi +0.13

3 Dagadarthi +0.10

4 Thalamanchi +0.10

81

3.5.4 Results of Questionnaire

The present study is based on descriptive method using a

questionnaire survey among the WUA Presidents. The Presidents of WUA’s

were considered for conducting survey to obtain their perception on the

functioning of WUA. The study provides the findings on the existing

functional activities of WUA’s of Pyderu canal, in respect of issues such as

Interaction among the Farmers through General Body Meeting, Management

committee meetings, Approval of maintenance works, Maintenance of records

including assessment, Water management and regulation, Assessment of

irrigation area and water cess demand, Mobilisation of financial resources,

Financial audit and Farmer’s participation in Irrigation Management. Salient

results of this are discussed in the subsequent sections.

Interaction among the Farmers through GBM

For the GBM, all Pattadars using water and who are members of

the association should participate. A minimum of 2GBM’s are to be

conducted before kharif and rabi seasons to discuss about the system

maintenance and management. Agenda and venue is to be informed to all

members seven days in advance. The following order is to be followed:

President’s welcome address, Important points to be discussed, Sanctioning

the minutes of last meeting, Discussion on important issues, Working plan

formation, decision making and Conclusion. There are around 100 to 200

members in each WUA.

Table 3.17 presents the details of General Body Meetings (GBM)

held in each WUA. The details in the table elucidates that there were enough

number of interaction among the water users through GBM, but effectiveness

of the meeting transactions are questionable in resolving the issues. This

observation is made based on non availability of the minutes of the meetings.

Among these, 65.67 percent of Associations had conducted less than 50% of

82

the proposed GBMs. The same details are also represented in Figures 3.13

and 3.14.

Table 3.17 Details of General Body Meetings (GBM)

Sl.No.

Frequency ofGBM

No. of meetingsorganized by WUA

Percentage(%)

1 0 0 0.002 2 3 25.003 4 5 41.674 6 4 33.335 8 0 0.00

Total 12 100.00

Figure 3.13 Details of General Body Meetings

Figure 3.14 Pie Chart showing details of GBM

83

Management committee meetings

The management committee in respect of a farmer organization

shall comprise of the president and the territorial constituency members inrespect of a WUA as defined under section 4 of the act: the president and

members are elected among the committee in respect of a distributorycommittee as defined under section 6 of the act: the chairman and the

members are elected to a management committee in respect of a projectcommittee as defined under section 8 of the act: (GOMS No. 541 irrigation

and command area development (CAD IV), 27th December 1997). The mainfunction of the committee is to prepare and implement the operation plan for

each season in its area of operation which includes planning andimplementation of Kharif and Rabi for various crops to be grown in this area.

The data collected in respect of the Management Committeemeetings is presented in Table 3.18 and Figure 3.15. From the data collected,

it is evident that there were sufficient numbers of meetings held and decidedto execute the plans. But, the ground level work execution is found to be

lacking. Conducting meetings are mandatory as per the APFMIS act 1997.The above data shows that meetings are conducting regularly as per the

provisions of the act. Even though the management committee meetings areconducted, the outcome of the meetings was not recorded properly.

Table 3.18 Details of Management committee meetings

Sl.No. Frequency of meetings No. of meetings

organized by WUA1 0 12 4 33 6 04 8 45 10 06 12 47 14 0

8 16 0

84

Figure 3.15 Details of Management committee meetings

Approval of maintenance works

The approval of maintenance works is required from the general

body on yearly basis. Out of the 12 WUA’s, the approval for the

maintenance works was obtained in advance by 10 WUA’s and not

obtained due to various reasons by the remaining 2 WUA’s.

As per APFMIS act 1997, the constitution and functioning of

subcommittee is well defined. Each WUA can formulate 4 sub committees

for works, finance, water regulation and maintenance aspects. All those sub

committees have a specific role to play in effective utilization of water

resources available in that area. It is evident from the survey that 3 WUAs

had not formed the sub- committees and 9 WUAs had formed the same.

Wherever sub committees were not formed, the effectiveness of execution

of works and the functioning of WUA was in poor quality. It clearly proved

that the act has provided the scope for subcommittees to function in an

effective way by defining the functional activities and authority. The details

are presented in Table 3.19 and Figure 3.16. From the analysis, it is found that

there is high positive correlation (0.77) e xist between the number of

meetings and formation of sub-committee. Seventy-five percent of the WUA

where subcommittees were formed are functioning.

85

Table 3.19 Execution of maintenance work

Sl. No. No. of meetings Formation of sub committee

1 0 Most ineffective

2 2 Not effective

3 4 Effective

4 6 More effective

Figure 3.16 Execution of works

Maintenance of records including assessment:

From the survey, it is found that there is poor maintenance of

records such as map of command area, list of farmers (Voters), list of Non

voters and also maintenance of records with respect to minutes register,

accounts/ financial transaction, details of property, income from assets in that

area and details of the maintenance work carried out annually are not

available. It is found that there is lack of understanding of the maintenance

of records. This may be due to the poor or lack of infrastructure to

maintain records at a specific office space. The details are presented in

Table 3.20 and Figure 3.17.

86

Table 3.20 Maintenance of records

OpinionSl.No.

Type of recordYes No

1 Map of command area 0 12

2 List of Voters 12 0

3 List of Non voters 3 9

4 Minutes register 12 0

5 Accounts and financial transaction 9 3

6 Details of property 0 12

7 Income from asset 2 10

8 Details of maintenance work 8 4

Figure 3.17 Maintenance of Records

87

Water Management and Regulation

From the study, it is found that 58.33% of WUAs are not aware of

the quantum of water that each WUA should get, and the remaining 41.67%

are aware of the water needs and the right to get water for irrigation. This

shows that water distribution and allocation methods are not clearly explained

to the users, due to lack of operational plan for distribution of water which is

the main cause of concern. Measuring devices at the points of distribution are

not available. Because of this, tail end areas are not getting the required

quantity of water. For effective management systems, daily gauging of inflow

is very much necessary. From the survey, it is found that in all WUA’s, daily

gauge readings are not recorded. There is a high level of correlation (0.93)

among the opinions expressed by the president of WUA on effective water

management in the study area.

Assessment of Irrigation Area and Water Cess Demand

From the study, it is found that 91.66 % WUA’s were not

associated in assessing the irrigation area which was normally done by State

Revenue Department. This shows participatory management, what it is

emphasized in the act, was not fully followed. 66.66 % of the respondents

expressed that after the formation of WUA’s, there is an increase in the

irrigated area and 33.33% were felt that there is no increase in the assessment

of the irrigation area, which may be due to 100% irrigation before the

formation of WUA’s. 75% of the responded felt that demand of water cess

was made as per their self assessment. Remaining 25 % felt the other way.

Farmer’s participation in Irrigation Management

In respect of Participatory Irrigation Management, 88 % of the farmers

expressed that farmer participation in irrigation management helps to get the

88

works done faster. Similarly same percentage (88) of the farmers opinioned

that farmers participation in irrigation management is not wastage of time, in

fact it helps them in solving problems through discussions. 74 % of the

formers felt that investment of capital for participation in irrigation

management is an unprofitable investment. This opinion is mainly because

farmers felt that they are not getting enough support price and yield from

agriculture. The details are presented in Table 3.21.

Table 3.21 Farmers’ participation in irrigation management

Sl.No. Statement

1

Farmers participation inirrigation management (IM)helps to get the works donefaster

1 2 3 14 30

2 Farmers participation in IMwastes farmers time

30 14 3 2 1

3Investment of capital forparticipation in IM is anunprofitable investment

6 7 10 14 13

4Farmers participation in IMleads to benefiting fromthose already experienced

1 2 3 14 30

5Farmers participation in IMinfluences farmers to savewater

2 3 5 14 26

6

Farmers participation in IMincreases farmers feeling ofresponsibility and decreasingthe demolition of irrigationinfrastructure

3 3 6 16 22

89

3.6 SUMMARY

In the recent years, with the increased technological advancement

and globalization, many research and multi-lateral organizations are pressing

the need to heed for the world water crisis that will hound us in near future. In

that context, the present study propose to focus on agricultural drought

estimation in an irrigated area (part of Pennar River System) in Andhra

Pradesh State of India. The water resources potential, landuse pattern and

agricultural practices in the Pennar system were collected and presented.

Topographic maps, meteorological data, remote sensing data were collected

to assess the agricultural drought.

The rainfall and ground water level data were collected and analysed to

understand the distribution of rainfall and fluctuation in groundwater level

prevailing in the study area. Seasonal and annual rainfall analyses were

carried out for five available raingauge stations. Rainfall analysis for crop

seasons, Rabi and Early kharif, was done in and around the study area.

The study area receives maximum amount of rainfall during

October and November months since the rainfall during North-East monsoon

is very high. Less rainfall occurs during the months of July, August,

September and December. Crop seasonal analysis shows that the study area

gets about 1.5 times higher rainfall during Rabi season compared to Early

Kharif season.

The effective rainfall available for crop production can be obtained

from the categorizations of normal, excess and deficit nature of crop seasonal

rainfall from the long term mean. There is a significant variation in

categorization of Early Kharif season rainfall whereas the Rabi season shows

an evenly poised categorization.

90

Temporal Analysis of ground water and their hydrographs were

plotted to understand the ground water fluctuations from observation wells.

Moving average curves are plotted to analyse the trend in groundwater level.

The groundwater well located in Allur had a higher increase in groundwater

level over the study period compared to the other groundwater wells.

To evaluate the functioning of the WUAs, a questionnaire survey

was conducted in the study area. Most of the farmers expressed that PIM

solves problems arising in the agriculture activity and helps to get the works

done at a faster rate. At the same time, their opinion about capital investment

is unprofitable since they are not getting enough support price and yield from

agriculture. To conclude, a preliminary analysis of the data collected was

carried out in this chapter.