Chapter 3 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CELLS.
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Transcript of Chapter 3 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CELLS.
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Chapter 3
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
CELLS
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Life Must Be Dynamic
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Selectivity
• We are a community of living creatures (cells) in a “pond of water”– Specialized members of the community– Outlaw cells (cancer)– Invaders
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The Cell, The Smallest Living Unit
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Specialization in the Society
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Blood Stream
Each group of cells have unique barriers (capillaries) for exchange with the blood which allows them to create a special environment for that group of cells
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Different Cell Types
• Common Processes: Processes all cells must do.
• Qualitative Differences: Unique processes that all types of cells do not do
• Quantitative differences: Some cells do more or less of some processes
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Energy
• The production of high potential energy molecules such as ATP
• All cells need to do this
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Cell Types Differ in their use of Energy
Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ ---> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
Small amount of energy (ATP)
Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 3 H2O ---> 3 NADH + FADH2 + CoA-SH + GTP + 3 CO2
Large amount of energy
Without Oxygen
With OxygenUse of Fat and pyruvate
Use of Sugar
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Variation in energy
Extremes in energy use
Skeletal muscle
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Brain
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Reproduction (Stem Cells)
• Skin and lining of digestive system (replacement)
• Liver and muscle (damage)• Immune system (replacement
and attack)• Nervous system ???
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Cell Division (proliferation)
• A complex process involving many reactions (proteins)
• Signals for and against– Inhibition– Stimulation
Copy DNA (check for mistakes: repair or apoptosis)
Mutations: mistakes that escape
Separate into two cells
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Protein Synthesis and Degradation
• Both Carried out by proteins
• Synthesis depends on mRNA
• Degradation depends on proteins
• Highly controlled and selective
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Turnover
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The Cell Membrane
• Charge barrier
• Molecular ports (channels)
• Information ports (receptors)
• They often work together
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The cell
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Channels
Ion channel
Glucose channel
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Relationships between Cells
• Communications: a language of chemical messages
• Coordinates functions involving many cells
• Signals and Receptors: A cell can’t respond to a signal that it can’t see
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Signals
• Chemical messages made by one cell that gives directions to another cell or cells
• Two types: water soluble and fat soluble– Insulin – Glucocorticoids
Frequency and intensity modulated signals
Every hormone is a different “voice” talking to
those cells in the community that can listen
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Receptors
• A cell can only respond to the “voices” that it can hear
• Receptors mediate many things– Open channels through the membrane– Alter gene expression– Signals often cascade and feedback
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Receptors
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Receptors
• Respond to the signal
• Adjust and remember
• Tolerance
• Dependence
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Other Forms of Life in the Community
• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Parasites