Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The...

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Chapter 3 Sentence Sentence Development Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Page 1: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3

Sentence DevelopmentSentence Development

McGraw-Hill/IrwinBusiness English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 2: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Sentence

A sentence consists of words correctly arranged to form a complete statement or idea.

A sentence begins with a capital letter. ends with an ending mark of punctuation.

PP 3-2

Page 3: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ask these questions to determine whether words are a sentence.

Do the words make sense?Do the words indicate a complete thought?Does the group of words begin with a

capital letter?Does the group of words end with a period,

question mark, or exclamation point?

PP 3-3

Page 4: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Four Purposes of Sentences

Express statements (declarative sentences). End with a period.

We offer a 30-day return policy. Ask questions (interrogative sentences).

End with a question mark if direct questions.

Are the new brochures available yet? End with a period if indirect questions.

He asked whether I planned to revise the news release.

PP 3-4a

Page 5: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Four Purposes of Sentences

continued

Give commands and requests (imperative sentences). End with a period.

Direct command

Place your order within two days to receive a discount.Courteous request (Do you expect the person to act rather than answer yes or no?)

Will you please call me by the end of the week. Express emotions (exclamatory sentences).

End with an exclamation point. Always satisfy your customers!

PP 3-4b

Page 6: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sentences Have Two Parts

Subject Is often a noun or pronoun. Indicates who is speaking, who is spoken to, or

who or what is spoken about.

Predicate Is a verb (action or “to be” form). Tells what the subject is doing or what the subject

is.

PP 3-5

Page 7: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Simple Subject

The simple subject is the main word of the

subject.Users can schedule unlimited sales calls

with contact management software.We offer a discount to our employees.Outstanding customer service is our goal.

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Page 8: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Compound Subject

The compound subject is two or more main words in a subject.

Hudson Communications and Cellular Depot are in an office building in the Redwood Business Park.

Evening hours and free parking interest customers.

Focus groups, phone messages, and postal card responses are all ways to obtain user opinions.

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Page 9: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Complete Subject

The complete subject consists of the simpleor compound subject plus any of its modifiers.

Most customers comment on our window displays.

Sales brochures describe our products. Free upgrades and extra bonus miles attract

some travelers.

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Page 10: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Simple Predicate

The simple predicate is a single verb orverb phrase.

Tim speaks softly. I take inventory once a week. Our store hours are convenient. We have advertised our sale in the local

newspaper.

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Page 11: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Compound Predicate

The compound predicate is two or more verbs.

I researched our orders and designed our latest sales brochure.

Our accountant and the sales manager analyzed our sales and recommended new pricing of products.

Other companies have visited our call center and have ordered similar telephone headsets.

PP 3-10

Page 12: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Complete Predicate

The complete predicate consists of the simple orcompound predicate plus all modifiers that limit ordescribe the verbs.

Teresa developed a training program for new customer service representatives.

Our company has an extensive video training library.

Our Web site analysts reviewed a wide range of customer service issues.

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Page 13: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Direct Object

Can be a noun or pronoun. Completes the verb by answering the questions

whom? or what? after the verb. Glenda plans seminars for our company. Service companies need outstanding delivery

records. My supervisor praised me for resolving the

problem.

PP 3-12

Page 14: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

An Indirect Object

Can be a noun or pronoun.Answers the questions to whom? or for

whom?Usually precedes the direct object.Usually follows verb forms such as give,

offer, wish, ship, make, refuse, present, or send.

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Page 15: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Examples of Indirect Objects

continued

Dynamic Designs offers me a 15 percent discount.

The warehouse shipped Kerry the furniture last week.

Our company gives customers a money-back guarantee.

PP 3-13b

Page 16: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Subject Complement

Is a predicate noun or predicate pronoun that follows a linking verb (am, are, is was, were).

Renames the subject. Richard Herrera is a customer service

representative. We are the best sales team.

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Page 17: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Predicate Complement

Is a predicate adjective that follows a linking verb (am, are, is, was, were).

Modifies (describes) the subject.Billboard advertising is expensive. Customers are a company’s most

important asset.

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Page 18: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sentence Order

Normal OrderThe subject appears first and the predicate follows. Jerry responded. Your company’s competitors hired several young

salespeople. I received the sales totals. We wish you success. The training video is free.

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Page 19: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sentence Order

continued

Inverted OrderThe predicate or part of the predicate is before thesubject. There are many compliments about our customer

service. Here is the latest inventory report. Should we offer discounts to attract customers? How much will a customer satisfaction survey cost? On the Web site are the details about our shipping

policies.PP 3-16b

Page 20: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Phrase

A phrase is a sequence of words that has neither asubject nor a predicate.

Prepositional phrase: Begins with a preposition such as of, in, at, and for and ends with a noun or pronoun. Does not include a verb.

in our call center at our warehouse Infinitive phrase: Begins with to and includes a verb

form.

to offer a compromise to request a refund

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Page 21: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Clause

A clause is a sequence of words with both a subject and a predicate.

Independent clause: Is a complete sentence and can stand alone.

We send a confirmation e-mail for each online order.

Dependent clause: Is not a complete sentence and cannot stand alone. It must be joined to an independent clause to make sense.

When you call our customer service department,

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Page 22: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Clause

continued

When a dependent clause introduces anindependent clause, place a comma at the endof the dependent clause.

If the office furniture was damaged in moving, our standard guarantee still applies.

Because we have 24-hour customer service, we have three customer service shifts.

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Page 23: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sentence Formations

Simple sentences Compound sentences Complex sentences Compound-complex sentences

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Page 24: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Simple Sentence

A simple sentence is one independent clause in asubject-verb pattern.

We placed the order last week. Rachel and I purchased a subscription to Advertising

Age. Our customers shop online and refer others to our

Web site. The human relations specialist and my manager

recommended less phone work and offered me another position.

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Page 25: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is two independent clausesconnected by a coordinating conjunction.

Many of our customers are self-employed, and they purchase items for themselves.

Limited quantities of this product are available, but we will ship your order next week.

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Page 26: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Complex Sentence

A complex sentence consists of an independent

clause and a dependent clause.

When a product is listed as out of stock, your order will be filled as soon as possible.

If your order cannot be shipped within 30 days, we will cancel the order.

Because I arrived late for the sale, I could not find the items that I wanted.

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Page 27: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Compound-Complex Sentence

A compound-complex sentence consists of more thanone independent clause and one or more dependentclauses.

If your order has not been shipped within 30 days, we will notify you of this delay by e-mail, and you will have the option to cancel your order.

When you receive a promotional code, enter it on your order, but only one promotional code may be used for each order.

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Page 28: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sentence Fragment

A sentence fragment consists of words, phrases,or dependent clauses that cannot stand alone eventhough they may contain subjects and predicates.

The multiple gift certificates

Ordered by phone last week

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Page 29: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Run-On Sentence

A run-on sentence is a complete sentence withperiod or comma faults.

I want to order online credit card thefts worry me. Your serial number is provided with your product

documentation you can also find the serial number by opening the software and clicking on the Help menu.

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Page 30: Chapter 3 Sentence Development McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Run-on Sentence

continued

A comma without a coordinating conjunction (and, but,

or, or nor) between two independent clauses is referred

to as a comma splice and results in a run-on

sentence. Jerri answers the phones, she responds to customers’

e-mail inquiries. The customer returned the damaged computer

monitor, we sent a replacement yesterday.

PP 3-25b


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