Chapter 3 Section 1- Finding Locations on Earth Section 2- Mapping Earth’s Surface Section 3-...
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Transcript of Chapter 3 Section 1- Finding Locations on Earth Section 2- Mapping Earth’s Surface Section 3-...
Chapter 3Section 1- Finding Locations on EarthSection 2- Mapping Earth’s SurfaceSection 3- Types of Maps
Section 1- Finding Locations on EarthObjectives:1. Distinguish between latitude and longitude.2. Explain how latitude and longitude can be used to
locate places on Earth.3. Explain how a magnetic compass can be used to find
directions on Earth’s surface.
Latitude- Degrees of Latitude Measured in Degrees Actual Distance of 1° latitude is 111km The equator is designated 0° latitude The distance between the equator to either pole is ¼ of a circle Circle
360° Parallels North of the Equator are labeled:
N (North) Parallels South of the Equator are labeled:
S (South)
Latitude- Minutes and Seconds Each degree of latitude consists of 60 equal parts
Called minutes Each minute can be divided into 60 equal parts
Called seconds This allows for a more precise location
Longitude- Degree of Longitude Circle 360°
Prime Meridian is at 0° Passes through Greenwich, England
Meridian opposite of the Prime Meridian is 180° Locations East of the Prime Meridian are labeled:
E (East) Locations West of the Prime Meridian are labeled:
W (West)
Longitude- Distance Between Meridians Measured in Degrees The actual distance between two longitudes is 111km All Meridians meet at the Poles
The distance measured by a degree of longitude ↓as you move from the equator toward the poles
Great Circles Often used for navigation A great circle is any circle that divides the globe in
halves, or marks the circumference of the globe
Finding Direction Magnetic Compass Geomagnetic Poles
Located in a different place than the geographical poles
Finding Direction- Magnetic Declination The angle between the direction of the geographic pole
and the direction in which the compass needle points Has been determined for points all over Earth Because the Earth’s magnetic field is constantly
changing, the magnetic declination around the globe also changes constantly
Locating geographic north is important in navigation and in mapmaking
Finding Direction- The Global Positioning GPS First GPS was launched in 1978 It calculates
Latitude Longitude Altitude
Section 2- Mapping Earth’s Surface Objectives:
1. Explain two ways that scientist get data to make maps.2. Describe the characteristics and uses of three types of
map projections.3. Summarize how to use keys, legends, and scales to read
maps.
How Scientist Make Maps Cartography (Cartographers)
Field surveys Take measurements of an area
Remote sensing
Map Projections A map is a flat representation of Earth’s curved surface
Distortion Size Shape Distance Direction
Map Projection A flat map that represent the three-dimensional curved
surface of a globe
Section 3- Types of Maps Objectives
1. Explain how elevation and topography are shown on a map
2. Describe three types of information shown in geologic maps
3. Identify two uses of soil maps
Introduction Earth scientists use a wide variety of maps that show
many distinct characteristic of an area. Some of these characteristics include:
Types of rocks Differences in air pressure Varying depths of groundwater in a region
Scientist also use maps to show: Locations Elevations Surface features of Earth.
Topographic Maps Most widely used Show the surface features
Natural features Rivers and hills
Constructed features Buildings and roads
Shows the elevation Height about sea level
Topographic Maps- Advantages Provides more detailed information about the surface Shows
Size Shape Elevation
Topographic Maps- Elevation Contour Lines
Show elevation Each contour line is an isogram that connects points that have the same
elevation The shape of the contour lines reflects the shape of the land
Contour Interval The difference in elevation between one contour line and the next
Relief The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points of the area
being mapped Index Contours
Bold lines that are labeled by elevation
Topographic Maps- Landforms Contour lines spaced widely apart
Indicate the change in elevation is gradual Contour lines spaced closely together
Indicate the change in elevation is rapid and that the slope is steep Contour line that is a “V” shape
Indicates a valley If a river or stream flows through the valley the “v” will point upstream The width of the “v” indicates the width of the valley
Contour lines that form a closed loop indicates a hilltop or a depression
Topographic Maps- Map Symbols Color
The type of feature Constructed features are black
Buildings, boundaries, road or railroads Major highways are red Bodies of water are blue Forested areas are green Contour lines are black or brown Areas not verified are purple
Geologic Maps Designed to show the distribution of geologic features Created on top of another map this called a Base Map
Geologic Maps- Rock Units and Other Structures Geologic Unit
A volume of rock of a given age range and rock type Distinguished by color
Units of similar ages are generally assigned colors in the same color family Different shades of blue
Other Markings Contact lines- indicates places at which two geological
units meet called contacts
Soil Maps- Soil Surveys and Uses Used to classify, map, and describe soils Soil Surveys
Consists of 3 main parts Text, maps, and tables
Use of Soil Maps Valuable tools for agriculture and land management
Other Types of Maps Earth scientist also use maps to show the location and
flow of both water and air These maps are commonly constructed by plotting
data from various points around a region and then using isograms to connect the points whose data are identical