chapter 3 saad hameed abid

8/11/2019 chapter 3 saad hameed abid

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Chapter Three

Design and implementation of the proposed system

3.1 Introduction

Using Arduino and some hardware components to measure the

opacity of the water and the salt levels, these components are

connected into some fashion and controlled using a host PC

software and a firmware resides in the Arduino microcontroller

3.2 System components

The system contains three components that collaborate together

to achieve its goal, these components are:

3.2.1 Hardware components

3.2.1.1 Arduino Uno:

Arduino is an open-source electronic prototyping platform based on

flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists,designers, hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interactive objects

or environments.

Arduino is a single-board microcontroller, intended to make the

application of interactive objects or environments more accessible. The

hardware consists of an open-source hardware board designed around an

8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. Pre-

programmed into the on-board microcontroller chip is a boot loader thatallows uploading programs into the microcontroller memory without

needing a chip (device) programmer.

Arduino boards can be purchased pre-assembled or as do-it-yourself kits.

Hardware design information is available for those who would like to

assemble an Arduino by hand.



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figure 3.1 Arduino Uno

.

:

We can Summaries the arduino properties as follows :

• Microcontroller ATmega328

• Operating Voltage 5V

• Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

• Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

• Digital I/O Pins 13 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

• Analog Input Pins 6

• DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

• DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

• Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by

bootloader

• SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

• EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

• Clock Speed 16 MHz



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figure 3.2Arduino Uno description

3.2.1.2 Power :

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an

external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter

(wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a

2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a

battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER

connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied

with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts

and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage

regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range

is 7 to 12 volts.



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3.2.1.3 The power pins of Arduino:

• VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an

external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB

connection or other regulated power source). You can supplyvoltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power

jack, access it through this pin.

• -5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the

board. The board can be supplied with power either from the DC

power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of

the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins

bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't

advise it.

• -3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator.

Maximum current draw is 50 mA.

• GND: Ground pins.

• IOREF: This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage

reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly

configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select theappropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the

outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V.

3.2.1.4 Input and Output:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,

using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. Theyoperate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA

and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50

kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX)

TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding

pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.



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• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to

trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a

change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.

•

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with theanalogWrite() function.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which

provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they

measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper

end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference()

function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality.

3.2.1.5 Programming

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software

(download). Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu

(according to the microcontroller on your board).The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes with a bootloader that

allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external

hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500

protocol reference, C header files.

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller

through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these

instructions for details.

3.2.2 Plastic container

This system is constructed using a transparent plastic square

container, this container is shown in figure 3.3



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Figure 3.3: plastic container

3.2.3 InfraRed (IR)

An infrared receiver, or IR receiver, is hardware that sends information

from an infrared remote control to another device by receiving and

decoding signals. In general, the receiver outputs a code to uniquely

identify the infrared signal that it receives. This code is then used in order

to convert signals from the remote control into a format that can be

understood by the other device. It is the part of a device that receives

infrared commands from a remote control. Because infrared is light, it

requires line-of-sight visibility for the best possible operation, but can

however still be reflected by items such as glass and walls. Poorly placed

IR receivers can result in what is called "tunnel vision", where the

operational range of a remote control is reduced because they are set so

far back into the chassis of a device.

There are many different kinds of infrared receivers and at Future

Electronics we stock many of the most common types categorized by

supply voltage, carrier frequency, transmission distance, power

dissipation, packaging type and supply current. The parametric filters on

our website can help refine your search results depending on the required

specifications.



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Infrared receivers can often be found in consumer products such as

television remote controls or infrared ports such as PDAs, laptops, and

computers. They are also present in devices such as home theatres, cable

or satellite receivers, VCRs, DVD and Blu-Ray players and audio

amplifiers. Infrared receivers can also be found in the industrial, military,

aerospace and photography markets

3.3 Software:

The software that has been used in this project are Visual basic and

Arduino programming language, a description on each of them follows:

3.3.1 Visual basic:

Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language

and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its

COM programming model first released in 1991. Microsoft intends

Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was

derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development

(RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases

using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data

Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects.

Like the BASIC programming language, Visual Basic was designed to

accommodate beginner programmers. Programmers can create both

simple and complex GUI applications. Programming in VB is a

combination of visually arranging components or controls on a form,

specifying attributes and actions for those components, and writing

additional lines of code for more functionality. Since VB defines default

attributes and actions for the components, a programmer can develop asimple program without writing much code. Programs built with earlier

versions suffered performance problems, but faster computers and native

code compilation has made this less of an issue.

Forms are created using drag-and-drop techniques. A tool is used to place

controls (e.g., text boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form (window). Controls

have attributes and event handlers associated with them. Default values

are provided when the control is created, but may be changed by the

programmer. Many attribute values can be modified during run time

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database






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based on user actions or changes in the environment, providing a dynamic

application. For example, code can be inserted into the form resize event

handler to reposition a control so that it remains centered on the form,

expands to fill up the form, etc. By inserting code into the event handler

for a keypress in a text box, the program can automatically translate the

case of the text being entered, or even prevent certain characters from

being inserted. Figure 3.4 shows the user interface for the system

implemented in Visual Basic

Figure 3.4 user interface

3.4 Firmware

3.4.1 Arduino programming language:

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross- platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the

Processing programming language and the Wiring projects. It is designed

to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with

software development. It includes a code editor with features such as

syntax highlighting, brace matching, and is also capable of compiling and

uploading programs to the board with a single click. A program or codewritten for Arduino is called a "sketch".

Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes witha software library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project,



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which makes many common input/output operations much easier. Users

only need define two functions to make a runnable cyclic executive program:

• setup(): a function run once at the start of a program that can

initialize settings

• loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powersoff

figure 3.5 Arduino sketch

3.5 System integration

The above components are explained and shown in details, the following

figure shows the circuit diagram of the proposed system:

Human HairMetal Pins

Ground

IR IR RECIVER

1K Resistor

1K Resistor

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