Chapter 3 – Part II
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Transcript of Chapter 3 – Part II
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Chapter 3 – Part II
Chesapeake Colonies
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How was the Chesapeake region different from NE…
• Agriculturally?– Large scale cash crops (Ches.) vs. subsistence
(NE)– Tobacco, plantations
• In religion?– Primarily Anglican vs. Puritan
• Demographically?– NE more densely pop. – small clustered areas– NE larger pop. By 1700
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Church and State in VA
• Religious order in VA:– Anglican church official religion– Tax money went to church– Lack of clergy = lack of regular services
• Political order in VA:– Bi-cameral legislature elected by landowners– House of Burgesses– Sheriffs/Justices of the Peace – unelected, based
on English system, acted as judges– Politics and religion controlled by wealthy planters
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Church and State in Maryland• Religion in MD:– Founded as Catholic haven by Lord
Baltimore (Calvert)–Calvert stayed home, so did most Catholics–Protestant majority – bought most land,
thus exercised power thru wealth
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Church and State in MD• Act for Religious Toleration – features:– Emerged after Catholics and Protestants bickered over
sharing chapels– Only Christian faiths legally protected– Did NOT separate church and state – state prosecuted crimes
against Christian values• Aftermath?– Tolerant gov. ousted– several Catholic leaders hanged– Catholics repressed until 1658 (Calvert takes control)
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Social Structure in Chesapeake• How did indentured servitude affect society?–More males than females = unbalanced pop.– Slow pop. Growth (no kids!!!)– High death rates–Wealthy monopolized production
• Why was NE bigger?–More balanced pop. = more
reproduction, growth• How did women fare in Ind. Serv?– Advantage – many suitors– Could marry well, buy out terms
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Indentured Servitude• How was life after servitude?–Poor – saved little $$$– Laws required little be given to freedmen –
money or land– Little land left to buy
• Why did Ind. Serv. fade out?–Rise in wages in England – few needed to
enter service
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Agriculture in Chesapeake• Why was the region so suitable for tobacco?
– Fertile soil– Level ground– Near navigable water (reduces trans. costs)
• Absence of strong merchant class – why?– Wealthy planters built their own wharves – no middle man to control trade – planters controlled distribution
• Tobacco prices – what happens?– Prices drop after 1629 – still profitable, but not as wildly as before
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Growth of Slavery in Chesapeake
• Advantages of slavery?– Slaves became cheaper after trade monopolies ended– After 1660, slavery legally defined as lifelong & inherited – more stable
labor force– High initial investment, but one-time fee– Social control method
• How did slavery reduce class conflict?– Whites bonded against Africans as pagans, outsiders
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The Southern Colonies
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Agriculture in the South
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Agriculture & Society in the South• How did cash crops transform society in the South and Caribbean?
– Sugarcane and rice more labor intensive– MANY more slaves imported (whites often minority)– Planters monopolized land
• Why was slavery almost ideal for rice farmers?– Many slaves had cult. rice in Africa– Already had immunity to diseases common in swampy areas (malaria,
yellow fever, etc.)
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The Middle Colonies
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Pre-existing Colonies: New Netherland & New Sweden
• What was New Netherland society like?–Diverse – many nationalities, religions– Fur trade dominated economy
• Why were they important?–Became NY, and parts of NJ,
Penn., and Delaware– Enormous trading port (NY)–1st log cabins (New Sweden)
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Oh Yeah!!!! Hutte!
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New York• How did New Neth. become a British
colony?–Taken from Dutch (profitable, big port,
nutmeg)• What was NY’s social structure?–Wealthy landed elite –owned land along rivers– charged rents to farmers
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Pennsylvania
• Founder?–William Penn
• Purpose?–Religious experiment –Quakers– Economic profit
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Religion in Penn.• What were Quaker beliefs/practices?– Started by George Fox– “inner light” could inspire every soul– Direct relationship w/ God– No need for clergy– Challenged traditional church authority– Socially egalitarian
• Why were they disliked in England?– Did not defer to social “superiors”– Wore hats in court– Would not swear oaths– Would not serve in military– Appeared unpatriotic, rebellious, radical
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Politics in Penn.
• Political Structure:– Strong executive (governor)– Legislative branch w/ limited powers– Quaker majority, controlled gov’t
• Social Structure– Few hostilities w/ Natives– Social order maintained– Grid system in Philadelphia
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Why Was Penn. Initially Successful?
• Environment:– Fewer Natives in Delaware valley–Coexistence w/ Natives
• Geography– Fertile soil– Long growing season
• Demographics–Quaker couples = high birthrate
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Quaker downfall
• Why did Quakers lose power in Penn.?– George Keith – wanted to formalize Quaker church– Est. clergy & rules– Viewed as undemocratic– Keith’s requests denied– Keith leaves Penn.–Many Quakers follow– Immigration slows–Quaker majority shrinks
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Summary of Middle Colonies
• Socially– Proves that diversity
can work in America (religious and national)
• Politically–Most clear sep. of church & state– PA, NJ, Delaware = no fees to church
• Economically– Diverse – many trades– Lucrative fur trade mandates busy ports
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Spanish & French claims in America• How were French & Spanish settlements
different from British?– Much more widely scattered– Less densely pop.– More successful in converting natives to
Christianity– Fewer land conflicts
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New France
• Where?– Mostly in Canada and interior
North America• Economic activities:– Fur trade– Little farming – short growing season– Complex trade networks w/ Natives– Military alliances w/ Natives
• Why did growth slow?– Immigration slowed– Tales of disease,
harsh winters
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Spanish Colonies• Florida, New Mexico, New Spain• Spanish relations w/ Natives:– Forced religion– Forced labor
• Causes of Pueblo revolt:– Spanish missionaries destroyed sacred Pueblo religious
sites– Tortured Indian leaders
• Effects of Pueblo revolt:– Spanish driven from NM 1680-92– End of encomienda system– End of forced religious conversion
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Chapter 3 Summary
• Whose North American colonies were the most prosperous by 1700?– England
• Why?–More people–More agriculture– Bigger labor force– Close to Atlantic– Gov’t supervision