Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in...
-
Upload
miles-lindsey -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in...
![Page 1: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 3Human Development
![Page 2: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Heredity
• Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities
• Heredity (nature): Genetic transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to their children
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): Molecular structure shaped like a double helix that contains coded genetic information
![Page 3: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
p. 79
![Page 4: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Genes
• Specific areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary information– Dominant: The gene’s feature will appear
each time the gene is present– Recessive: The gene’s feature will appear
only if it is paired with another recessive gene
– Still only 25% chance trait will be expressed
![Page 5: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Polygenic Characteristics
• Personal traits or physical properties that are influenced by many genes working in combination
![Page 6: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fig. 3-1, p. 80
![Page 7: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fig. 3-2, p. 80
![Page 8: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Fig. 3-3, p. 80
![Page 9: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Developmental Level
• An individual’s current state of physical, emotional, and intellectual development
![Page 10: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Environment (Nurture)
• All external conditions that affect a person, especially the effects of learning
![Page 11: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Prenatal Issues
• Congenital problem: A problem or defect that occurs during prenatal development; “birth defect”
• Genetic disorder: Problem caused by inherited characteristics from parents (e.g., cystic fibrosis)
![Page 12: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Teratogens
• Anything capable of directly causing birth defects (e.g., narcotics, radiation, cigarette smoke, lead, and cocaine)
![Page 13: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
• Caused by repeated heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy
• Infants:– Have low birth weight, a small head, body
defects, and facial malformations– Lack cupid’s bow, the bow-shaped portion
of the upper lip (look in the mirror to see)
![Page 14: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sensitive Period
• A period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences; also, a time when certain events must occur for normal development to take place
![Page 15: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
p. 82
![Page 16: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Environments: Deprivation and Enrichment
• Deprivation: Lack of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, or love
• Enrichment: When an environment is deliberately made more complex and intellectually stimulating and emotionally supportive
![Page 17: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Reaction Range
• Limits that one’s environment places on the effects of heredity
![Page 18: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
p. 83
![Page 19: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fig. 3-5, p. 84
![Page 20: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Temperament and Environment
• Temperament: The inherited physical “core” of personality; includes sensitivity, irritability, distractibility, and typical mood (Kagan, 2000)
![Page 21: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Easy Children
• 40%; relaxed and agreeable
![Page 22: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Difficult Children
• 10%; moody, intense, easily angered
![Page 23: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Slow-to-Warm-Up Children
• 15%; restrained, unexpressive, shy
![Page 24: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Remaining Children
• Do not fit into any specific category (Chess & Thomas, 1986)
![Page 25: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Newborns (Neonates) and Their Reflexes
![Page 26: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Grasping Reflex
• If an object is placed in the neonate’s palm, she’ll grasp it automatically
• All reflexes are automatic responses (i.e., they come from nature, not nurture)
![Page 27: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Rooting Reflex
• Lightly touch the infant’s cheek and he’ll turn toward the object and attempt to nurse; helps infant find bottle or breast
![Page 28: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Sucking Reflex
• Touch an object or nipple to the infant’s mouth and she’ll make rhythmic sucking movements
![Page 29: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Moro Reflex
• If a baby’s position is abruptly changed or if he is startled by a loud noise, he will make a hugging motion
![Page 30: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Fig. 3-6, p. 86
![Page 31: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Fig. 3-7a, p. 86
![Page 32: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fig. 3-7b, p. 86
![Page 33: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fig. 3-8, p. 87
![Page 34: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Maturation
• Physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system
• Increased muscular control occurs in patterns; order of maturation is almost universal– Cephalocaudal: From head to toe– Proximodistal: From center of the body to
the extremities
![Page 35: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fig. 3-9, p. 88
![Page 36: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Emotional Development
• Basic emotions: Anger, fear, joy; appear to be unlearned
• Social smile: Smiling elicited by social stimuli; like seeing a parent’s face
![Page 37: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Social Development
• Development of self-awareness, attachment to parents/caregivers, and relationships with other children/adults
![Page 38: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fig. 3-11, p. 88
![Page 39: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Contact Comfort (Harlow)
• Pleasant and reassuring feeling babies get from touching something warm and soft, especially their mother
![Page 40: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Fig. 3-12, p. 89
![Page 41: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Attachment
• Emotional attachment: Close emotional bond that infants form with parents, caregivers, or others
• Separation anxiety: Crying and signs of fear when a child is left alone or is with a stranger; generally appears around 8-12 months
• Separation anxiety disorder: Severe and prolonged distress displayed by children when separated from parents/caregivers– Children usually grow out of this
![Page 42: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Quality of Infant Attachment (Ainsworth)
• Secure: Stable and positive emotional bond• Insecure-avoidant: Anxious emotional bond;
tendency to avoid reunion with parent or caregiver
• Insecure-ambivalent: Anxious emotional bond; desire to be with parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited with mother
![Page 43: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Fig. 3-13, p. 90
![Page 44: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Affectional Needs
• Emotional needs for love and affection
![Page 45: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Fig. 3-14, p. 92
![Page 46: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Parenting Styles (Baumrind, 2005)
![Page 47: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Authoritarian Parents
• Enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority
• Children tend to be emotionally stiff and lacking in curiosity
![Page 48: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Overly Permissive
• Give little guidance• Allow too much freedom, or don’t hold
children accountable for their actions • Children tend to be dependent and immature
and frequently misbehave
![Page 49: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Authoritative
• Provide firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection
• Children tend to be competent, self-controlled, independent, and assertive
![Page 50: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Language Acquisition
• Cooing: Repetition of vowel sounds by infants; typically starts at 6-8 weeks
• Babbling: Repetition of meaningless language sounds (e.g., babababa); uses consonants B, D, M, and G; starts at 7 months
![Page 51: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
More on Language Acquisition
• Single-word stage: The child says one word at a time
• Telegraphic speech: Two-word sentences that communicate a single idea (e.g., “want cookie”)
![Page 52: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Noam Chomsky and the Roots of Language
• Biological disposition: Presumed readiness of humans to learn certain skills such as how to use language – Chomsky: Language patterns are inborn
![Page 53: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Signal
• In early language development, any behavior, such as touching, vocalizing, gazing, or smiling, that allows nonverbal interaction and turn-taking between parent and child
![Page 54: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Parentese (Motherese)
• Pattern of speech used when talking to infants– Marked by higher-pitched voice; short,
simple sentences; slowed speech and exaggerated voice inflections; and repetition
![Page 55: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
• Piaget believed that all children passed through a set series of stages during their cognitive development; like Freud, he was a stage theorist
![Page 56: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
p. 99
![Page 57: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Piaget: Assimilation
• Application of existing mental patterns to new situations; new situation is “assimilated” to existing mental schemes
![Page 58: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Piaget: Accommodation
• Existing ideas are changed to fit new requirements; mental schemes are changed to accommodate new information
• More advanced form of cognitive processing
![Page 59: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Four Stages of Piagetian Cognitive Development
![Page 60: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 Years)
• All sensory input and motor responses are coordinated; most intellectual development here is nonverbal– Object permanence: Concept that objects
still exist when they are out of sight
![Page 61: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Video: Sensorimotor Stage: Absence of Object Permanence
![Page 62: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Fig. 3-18, p. 101
![Page 63: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Video: Sensorimotor Stage: Presence of Object Permanence
![Page 64: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The Preoperational Stage (2-7 Years)
• Children begin to use language and think symbolically, yet their thinking is still intuitive and egocentric
![Page 65: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Intuitive Thinking
• Makes little use of reasoning and logic
![Page 66: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Egocentric Thinking
• Child is unable to accommodate viewpoints of others; thoughts are self-centered
![Page 67: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Transformations
• Mentally changing the shape or form of a mental image or idea; children younger than 6 or 7 cannot do this
![Page 68: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Fig. 3-14, p. 92
![Page 69: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Video: Preoperational Conservation of Quantity
![Page 70: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
The Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 Years)
• Children become able to use concepts of time, space, volume, and number BUT in ways that remain simplified and concrete, not abstract
![Page 71: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Piaget’s Conservation
• Mass, weight, and volume of matter remain unchanged even when the shape or appearance of objects changes
![Page 72: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Video: Concrete Operational Stage: Conservation of Quantity
![Page 73: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Piaget’s Reversibility of Thought
• Relationships involving equality or identity can be reversed– If A=B then B=A
![Page 74: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Fig. 3-16, p. 98
![Page 75: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Video: Concrete-Operational Stage: Abstract Reasoning
![Page 76: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The Formal Operations Stage (11 Years and Up)
• Thinking now includes abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical ideas– Abstract principles: Concepts and
examples removed from specific examples and concrete situations
– Hypothetical possibilities: Suppositions, guesses, or projections
![Page 77: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Fig. 3-17, p. 100
![Page 78: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Video: The Formal-Operational Stage: Abstract Reasoning
![Page 79: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
• Children’s cognitive development is heavily influenced by sociocultural factors
• Children’s thinking develops through dialogues with more capable people
![Page 80: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Zone of Proximal Development
• Range of tasks a child cannot yet master alone even though they are close to having the necessary mental skills; they need guidance from a skilled partner in order to complete the task
![Page 81: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Scaffolding
• Framework or temporary support. Adults help children learn how to think by scaffolding, or supporting, their attempts to solve a problem or to discover principles– Scaffolding must be responsive to a child’s
needs
![Page 82: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Types of Child Discipline
• Power assertion: Using physical punishment or a show of force (e.g., removing toys or privileges)
• Withdrawal of love: Withholding affection• Management techniques: Combine praise,
recognition, approval, rules, and reasoning to encourage desirable behavior
![Page 83: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Effective Parenting
• Have stable rules of conduct (consistency)• Show mutual respect, love, encouragement,
and shared enjoyment• Have effective communication
– You-message: Threats, name-calling, accusing, bossing, criticizing, or lecturing (avoid this)
– I-message: Tells children the effect their behavior had on you (use this)
![Page 84: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Consequences
• Natural consequences: Effects that naturally follow a particular behavior; intrinsic effects
• Logical consequences: Rational and reasonable effects defined by parents
![Page 85: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Adolescence
• Culturally defined period between childhood and adulthood
• Puberty: Hormonal changes promote rapid physical growth and sexual maturity
![Page 86: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Life Events
• Developmental tasks: Any skill that must be mastered, or personal change that must take place, for optimal development (e.g., learning to read and adjusting to sexual maturity)
• Psychosocial dilemma: Conflict between personal impulses and the social world
![Page 87: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Lawrence Kohlberg and Moral Development
• Moral development: When we acquire values, beliefs, and thinking abilities that guide responsible behavior
• Stage theorist, like Freud and Erikson
![Page 88: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Kohlberg’s Three Levels of Moral Development
• Preconventional moral reasoning: Moral thinking based on consequences of one’s actions (punishment, reward, exchange of favors) or choices
• Conventional moral reasoning: Reasoning based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted rules and values
• Postconventional moral reasoning: Follows self-chosen moral principles, not those supplied by outside authorities
![Page 89: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Dilemmas
![Page 90: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
p. 107
![Page 91: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Stage One: Trust versus Mistrust (Birth–1)
• Children are completely dependent on others– Trust: Established when babies given
adequate warmth, touching, love, and physical care
– Mistrust: Caused by inadequate or unpredictable care and by cold, indifferent, and rejecting parents
![Page 92: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Stage Two: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (1–3)
• Autonomy: Doing things for themselves• Overprotective or ridiculing parents may
cause children to doubt abilities and feel shameful about their actions
![Page 93: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Stage Three: Initiative versus Guilt (3–5)
• Initiative: Parents reinforce via giving children freedom to play, use imagination, and ask questions
• Guilt: May occur if parents criticize, prevent play, or discourage a child’s questions
![Page 94: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Stage Four: Industry versus Inferiority (6–12)
• Industry: Occurs when child is praised for productive activities, such as painting and building
• Inferiority: Occurs if child’s efforts are regarded as messy or inadequate
![Page 95: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Stage Five (Adolescence): Identity versus Role Confusion
• Identity: For adolescents; problems answering, “Who am I?”
• Role Confusion: Occurs when adolescents are unsure of where they are going and who they are
![Page 96: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Stage Six (Young Adulthood): Intimacy versus Isolation
• Intimacy: Ability to care about others and to share experiences with them
• Isolation: Feeling alone and uncared for in life
![Page 97: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Stage Seven (Middle Adulthood): Generativity versus Stagnation
• Generativity: Interest in guiding the next generation
• Stagnation: When one is only concerned with one’s own needs and comforts
![Page 98: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Stage Eight (Late Adulthood): Integrity versus Despair
• Integrity: Self-respect; developed when people have lived richly and responsibly
• Despair: Occurs when previous life events are viewed with regret; experiences heartache and remorse
![Page 99: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Fig. 3-19, p. 103
![Page 100: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Gerontology and the Study of Aging
• Ageism: Discrimination or prejudice based on a person’s age
• Gerontologists study aging and its effects• Intellectual Abilities:
– Fluid abilities: Abilities requiring speed or rapid learning; based on perceptual and motor abilities; may decrease with age
– Crystallized abilities: Learned (accumulated) knowledge and skills; vocabulary and basic facts
![Page 101: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Death and Dying; Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
• Ross was a thanatologist: One who studies emotional and behavioral reactions to death and dying
• Ross described five basic reactions to death that occur, not necessarily in the following order or experienced by everyone
![Page 102: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Five Basic Reactions to Death (Kubler-Ross)
![Page 103: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Denial and Isolation
• Denying death’s reality and isolating oneself from information confirming that death will occur (“It’s a mistake; the doctors are wrong”)
![Page 104: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Anger
• Asking, “Why me?” • Anger may then be projected onto the living
![Page 105: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Bargaining
• Terminally ill will bargain with God or with themselves (“If I can live longer I’ll be a better person”)
![Page 106: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Depression
• Feelings of futility, exhaustion and deep sadness
![Page 107: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Acceptance
• If death is not sudden, many will accept death calmly
• Person is at peace finally with the concept of death
![Page 108: Chapter 3 Human Development. Heredity Developmental psychology: The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities Heredity (nature): Genetic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56649f175503460f94c2dea5/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
p. 110