CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3Global Changes Reshape Colonial AmericaGlobal Changes Reshape Colonial America

1680–17501680–1750

Middle Colonies, 1685Middle Colonies, 1685

Dutch most aggressive European tradersDutch most aggressive European traders New Netherlands—two settlementsNew Netherlands—two settlements

Fort Orange on Hudson (Albany)Fort Orange on Hudson (Albany) New Amsterdam on Manhattan IslandNew Amsterdam on Manhattan Island

New Amsterdam very diverse: eighteen New Amsterdam very diverse: eighteen different languages in use by 1644different languages in use by 1644

1664—colony captured by English fleet 1664—colony captured by English fleet Dutch could keep propertyDutch could keep property

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the HudsonHudson

Area given to kingArea given to king’’s brother, James, Duke s brother, James, Duke of Yorkof York

Property included New York, New Jersey, Property included New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and islandsDelaware, Maine, and islands

DukeDuke’’s laws guaranteed religious s laws guaranteed religious toleration and created local governmenttoleration and created local government

Inhabitants had no political voice beyond Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local levelthe local level

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the HudsonHudson

James gave New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and James gave New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George CarteretSir George Carteret

Some land titles already given by New YorkSome land titles already given by New York

Confusion over who had right to grant land and Confusion over who had right to grant land and organize governmentorganize government

Berkeley split colony by selling out to Quaker Berkeley split colony by selling out to Quaker groupgroup

Reunited in 1702 as single royal colonyReunited in 1702 as single royal colony

Confusion in New JerseyConfusion in New Jersey

Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Pennsylvania founding inseparable from QuakersQuakers

Quakers believed no need for a formal Quakers believed no need for a formal ministry; each personministry; each person’’s interpretation of s interpretation of scripture is equally validscripture is equally valid

““QuakerQuaker”” a derogatory term for those who a derogatory term for those who ““tremble at the word of the Lordtremble at the word of the Lord””

Members called sect Members called sect ““Society of FriendsSociety of Friends””

Quakers in AmericaQuakers in America

Founder: George Fox (1624–1691) Founder: George Fox (1624–1691) Believed in Believed in ““Inner LightInner Light””

Rejected predestination; anyone could be Rejected predestination; anyone could be savedsaved

Emphasized values of humility, simplicity, Emphasized values of humility, simplicity, and pacifismand pacifism

Quakers persecuted as dangerous Quakers persecuted as dangerous anarchistsanarchists

Quaker Beliefs and PracticeQuaker Beliefs and Practice

William PennWilliam Penn

Aristocrat William Penn became a Quaker leader Aristocrat William Penn became a Quaker leader Granted charter for Pennsylvania; bought Granted charter for Pennsylvania; bought

Delaware from New Jersey proprietors, ensuring Delaware from New Jersey proprietors, ensuring ocean accessocean access

““Holy ExperimentHoly Experiment””—a society run on Quaker —a society run on Quaker principlesprinciples

Promoted religious tolerationPromoted religious toleration Balance of power between rich and poorBalance of power between rich and poor Political structure failed because it was too Political structure failed because it was too

cumbersomecumbersome

PennPenn’’s s ““Holy ExperimentHoly Experiment””

PennPenn’’s income came from land sales to s income came from land sales to settlerssettlers

Settlers recruited from England, Wales, Settlers recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and GermanyIreland, and Germany

Diversity caused conflictDiversity caused conflict Non-Quaker population did not share Quaker Non-Quaker population did not share Quaker

idealsideals 1701—1701—CharterCharter of Libertiesof Liberties

Self-rule to PennsylvaniaSelf-rule to Pennsylvania Separated DelawareSeparated Delaware

Settling PennsylvaniaSettling Pennsylvania

The Carolinas and GeorgiaThe Carolinas and Georgia

Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight ““proprietorsproprietors”” to reward loyalty to reward loyalty

Tried to recruit settlers from established Tried to recruit settlers from established American coloniesAmerican colonies

Few inhabitants in first yearsFew inhabitants in first years

Proprietors of the CarolinasProprietors of the Carolinas

Anthony Ashley Cooper encouraged Anthony Ashley Cooper encouraged settlement by planters from Barbadossettlement by planters from Barbados

Barbadians settled around Charleston, Barbadians settled around Charleston, recreated plantation system of Barbadosrecreated plantation system of Barbados Rice eventually became the staple cropRice eventually became the staple crop

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina drawn up by John Lockedrawn up by John Locke Rejected by population that desired greater Rejected by population that desired greater

self-governmentself-government

The Barbadian ConnectionThe Barbadian Connection

French Huguenot settlers opposed French Huguenot settlers opposed BarbadiansBarbadians

1719—last governor appointed by 1719—last governor appointed by proprietors overthrownproprietors overthrown

1729—king takes over and splits the 1729—king takes over and splits the colony into northern and southern halvescolony into northern and southern halves

The Barbadian ConnectionThe Barbadian Connection

Georgia founded in 1732 Georgia founded in 1732 James OglethorpeJames Oglethorpe’’s ideass ideas

Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida Spanish Florida

Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors from Englandfrom England

Originally rum and slaves prohibited, landowning Originally rum and slaves prohibited, landowning cappedcapped

OglethorpeOglethorpe’’s ideas unpopular and repealed s ideas unpopular and repealed by 1751by 1751

The Founding of GeorgiaThe Founding of Georgia

EnglandEngland’’s Principal Mainland s Principal Mainland ColoniesColonies

All colonies faced early struggle to survive All colonies faced early struggle to survive

Distinct regional differences intensified Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial and persisted throughout the colonial period period

Challenge of the eighteenth century was Challenge of the eighteenth century was how to create unity out of that diversityhow to create unity out of that diversity

Living with DiversityLiving with Diversity

The Structure of Planter The Structure of Planter Society: The Gentry Society: The Gentry

Tobacco the basis of Chesapeake wealthTobacco the basis of Chesapeake wealth Large landowners had to have labor under Large landowners had to have labor under

their controltheir control Great planters few but dominantGreat planters few but dominant

Arrived with capital to invest in workersArrived with capital to invest in workers Amassed huge tracts of land Amassed huge tracts of land Gentry intermarried and become colonyGentry intermarried and become colony’’s elite s elite

leaders leaders

The Structure of Planter The Structure of Planter Society: The FreemenSociety: The Freemen

The largest class in Chesapeake societyThe largest class in Chesapeake society

Most freed at the end of indentureMost freed at the end of indenture

Lived on the edge of povertyLived on the edge of poverty

The Structure of Planter The Structure of Planter Society: Indentured ServantsSociety: Indentured Servants

Servitude a temporary statusServitude a temporary status

Conditions harshConditions harsh

Servants regarded their bondage as slaveryServants regarded their bondage as slavery

Planters feared rebellionPlanters feared rebellion

The Structure of Planter Society: The Structure of Planter Society: Post-1680s StabilityPost-1680s Stability

Before 1680, the rank of gentry was open to Before 1680, the rank of gentry was open to people with capitalpeople with capital

Demographic shift after 1680 created Creole Demographic shift after 1680 created Creole eliteelite

Ownership of slaves consolidated planter Ownership of slaves consolidated planter wealth and positionwealth and position

Freemen found advancement more difficultFreemen found advancement more difficult

The Structure of Planter Society: The Structure of Planter Society:

A Dispersed PopulationA Dispersed Population Large-scale tobacco cultivation required:Large-scale tobacco cultivation required:

Extensive landholdingsExtensive landholdings Ready access to water-borne commerceReady access to water-borne commerce

Result: population dispersed along great tidal Result: population dispersed along great tidal rivers rivers

Virginia a rural society devoid of townsVirginia a rural society devoid of towns Education system seen as unnecessary and got Education system seen as unnecessary and got

little attentionlittle attention

Race and Freedom Race and Freedom in British Americain British America

Native Americans decimated by diseaseNative Americans decimated by disease

European indentured servant pool waned after European indentured servant pool waned after 16601660

Enslaved Africans filled demand for laborEnslaved Africans filled demand for labor

Roots of SlaveryRoots of Slavery

First Africans came to Virginia in 1619First Africans came to Virginia in 1619

Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for fifty Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for fifty yearsyears

Roots of SlaveryRoots of Slavery

Rising black population in Virginia after 1672 Rising black population in Virginia after 1672 prompted stricter slave lawsprompted stricter slave laws Africans defined as slaves for life Africans defined as slaves for life Slave status passed on to children Slave status passed on to children White masters possessed total control of slave life White masters possessed total control of slave life

and laborand labor Mixing of races not toleratedMixing of races not tolerated

Origins and Destinations ofOrigins and Destinations ofAfrican Slaves, 1619–1760African Slaves, 1619–1760

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Constructing African American Constructing African American Identities: GeographyIdentities: Geography’’s Influence s Influence Slave experience differed from colony to Slave experience differed from colony to

colonycolony

60% of South Carolina60% of South Carolina’’s population blacks population black

Nearly half of VirginiaNearly half of Virginia’’s population blacks population black

Blacks much less numerous in New England Blacks much less numerous in New England and the Middle Coloniesand the Middle Colonies

Constructing African American Constructing African American Identities: African InitiativesIdentities: African Initiatives

Older black population tended to look down Older black population tended to look down on recent arrivals from Africa on recent arrivals from Africa

All Africans participated in creating an All Africans participated in creating an African American cultureAfrican American culture Required an imaginative reshaping of African and Required an imaginative reshaping of African and

European customs. European customs.

By 1720, African population and culture were By 1720, African population and culture were self-sustainingself-sustaining

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Constructing African American Constructing African American Identities: Slave ResistanceIdentities: Slave Resistance

Widespread resentment of debased status Widespread resentment of debased status

Armed resistance such as South CarolinaArmed resistance such as South Carolina’’s s Stono Rebellion of 1739 a threatStono Rebellion of 1739 a threat

Black mariners linked African American Black mariners linked African American communities and brought news of outside communities and brought news of outside world to American slavesworld to American slaves

Colonial ProductsColonial Products

Rise of a Commercial EmpireRise of a Commercial Empire

English leaders ignored colonies until 1650sEnglish leaders ignored colonies until 1650s

Restored monarchy of Charles II recognized Restored monarchy of Charles II recognized value of colonial tradevalue of colonial trade

Navigation Acts passed to regulate, protect, Navigation Acts passed to regulate, protect, glean revenue from commerceglean revenue from commerce

Response to Economic Response to Economic CompetitionCompetition

““MercantilismMercantilism”” One countryOne country’’s gain is another countrys gain is another country’’s losss loss Countries gain power by control of worldCountries gain power by control of world’’s scarce s scarce

resourcesresources

English trade regulations more ad hoc English trade regulations more ad hoc responses to particular problems than coherent responses to particular problems than coherent mercantilist policymercantilist policy

Response to Economic Response to Economic CompetitionCompetition

Varieties of motivationVarieties of motivation Crown wanted moneyCrown wanted money English merchants wanted to exclude DutchEnglish merchants wanted to exclude Dutch Parliament wanted stronger navy— encouraged Parliament wanted stronger navy— encouraged

domestic shipbuilding industrydomestic shipbuilding industry Most people preferred more exports, fewer importsMost people preferred more exports, fewer imports

Regulating Colonial Trade: Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660 The Navigation Act of 1660

Ships engaged in English colonial tradeShips engaged in English colonial trade Must be made in England (or America)Must be made in England (or America) Must carry a crew at least 75% EnglishMust carry a crew at least 75% English

Enumerated goods Enumerated goods onlyonly to English ports to English ports 1660—list included tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, 1660—list included tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo,

dyes, gingerdyes, ginger 1704–1705—list also included molasses, rice, 1704–1705—list also included molasses, rice,

naval storesnaval stores

Regulating Colonial Trade: Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660 The Navigation Act of 1660

EffectsEffects Encouraged shipbuilding in EnglandEncouraged shipbuilding in England Made it harder for rivals to get certain goodsMade it harder for rivals to get certain goods Generated revenue for the crownGenerated revenue for the crown

Regulating Colonial Trade: Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1663The Navigation Act of 1663

The Staple ActThe Staple Act

Goods shipped to English colonies must pass Goods shipped to English colonies must pass through Englandthrough England

Increased price paid by colonial consumersIncreased price paid by colonial consumers

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Regulating Colonial Trade:Regulating Colonial Trade:Implementing the Acts Implementing the Acts

Navigation Acts aimed at removing Dutch role Navigation Acts aimed at removing Dutch role in English commerce in English commerce

Planters hurt by Navigation ActsPlanters hurt by Navigation Acts

New England merchants skirted laws New England merchants skirted laws

English revisions tightened loopholesEnglish revisions tightened loopholes

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Regulating Colonial Trade:Regulating Colonial Trade:Implementing the Acts Implementing the Acts

1696—Admiralty Courts and Board of Trade 1696—Admiralty Courts and Board of Trade created created

Navigation Acts eventually benefited colonial Navigation Acts eventually benefited colonial merchantsmerchants

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Colonial Factions Spark Political Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691Revolt, 1676–1691

English colonies experienced unrest at the end English colonies experienced unrest at the end of the seventeenth centuryof the seventeenth century

Unrest not social revolution but a contest Unrest not social revolution but a contest between gentry between gentry ““insins”” and and ““outsouts””

Winners gained legitimacy for their rule Winners gained legitimacy for their rule

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