Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and

General Physiology

Chapter 3: Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell

Reproduction

Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th edition

Genes in the Cell Nucleus

General schema bywhich genes controlcellular function

Genes in the Cell Nucleus

• Basic Building Blocks of DNA

a. Nucleotidesb. Organization of the ds DNA

Transcription

• Synthesis of RNA

a. Basic building blocksb. Formation of the RNA nucleotidesc. “Activation” of the RNA nucleotidesd. Assembly of RNAe. Three types of RNA

1. Messenger RNA2. Ribosomal RNA3. Transfer RNA

Fig. 3.6 Arrangement of deoxyribose nucleotides in a double strand of DNA

Fig. 3.7 Combination of ribose nucleotides to form a molecule of mRNA

Fig. 3.8 Portion of an RNA molecule showing three RNA “codons”

Fig. 3.9 Messenger RNA strand moving through two ribosomes

Fig. 3.11 Physical structure of the ribosomes during protein formation

Genetic CodeAmino Acid RNA Codons

Alanine CCU GCC GCA GCG

Arginine CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG

Asparagine AAU AAC

Aspartic Acid GAU GAC

Cysteine UGU UGC

Glutamic Acid GAA GAG

Glutamine CAA CAG

Glycine CGU GGC GGA GGG

Histidine CAU CAC

Isoleucine AUU AUC AUA

Leucine CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA UUG

Lysine AAA AAG

Methionine AUG

Phenylalanine UUU UUC

Proline CCU CCC CCA CCG

Serine UCU UCC UCA UCG AGC AGU

Threonine ACU ACC ACA ACG

Tryptophan UGG

Tyrosine UAU UAC

Valine GUU GUC GUA GUG

Start AUG

Stop UAA UAG UGA

Control of Gene Function

• Genetic Regulation

a. Role of the promoter gene

Control (cont.)

• Enzyme Regulation

a. Enzyme inhibition

b. Enzyme activation

DNA-Genetic System of Control

• Life cycle of the cell

• Replication of DNA

• DNA repair

• Chromosomes and their replication

DNA-Genetic System (cont.)

• Cell Mitosis

a. Prophaseb. Metaphasec. Anaphase d. Telophasee. Cytokinesis

• Regulation of Cell Size

Cell Differentiation

• Differentiation

• Apoptosis

• Cancer