The Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society ...
Chapter 3 explorers, economics, society
Transcript of Chapter 3 explorers, economics, society
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Chapter 3 The Atlantic World and Commerce 1450-1648
pages 100-117
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What was the Afro-Eurasian trading world like before Columbus?
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Europeans want goods from Asia and Africa
high prices to middlemen
Exports not in demandEuropeans moved to
dominate global trade
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Silk Road Silks, Porcelain, Lumber, Sugar, Slaves, Cotton, Dyes,
Weapons, Opium, Culture, etc. and Spice Islands (Malaysia)
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Marco Polo’s Journey1271-1295
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European Impressions of
Asia
“Exotic Orient”
Valued Goods
Pagans
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African Trade
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European Impressions
of AfricaGold
SlavesLegends and
rumors(ex. Prester John)
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Ottoman Empire 1453 Constantinople fellInvaded Habsburg lands
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Alliance With France(Francis I and Sulyeman)
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Ottomans Want To:Monopolize Trade Routes
Spread IslamGain Natural Resources
Expansion Frightened Europeans (but trade continued)
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Ottoman Empire
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New Technology Allows For European Explorations
•Navigation•Cartography•Shipbuilding Styles•Cannon and Weapons
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Portolani
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Quadrant
Astrolabe
Nocturnal
Magnetic Compass
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Portuguese CaravelLight weight and steered with a stern-post rudder
and lateen sails (Asia)
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Why Take Such Dangerous Trips?• Ottomans controlled trade•Wanted goods and spices• The Three G’s
–God–Gold–Glory
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…and a lot of luck
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Portugal
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Portugal and Spain 1st due to their connections to Muslim cultures
Theory of Southernization
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Prince Henry The Navigator
(1394-1460) 1420s Started a
Navigation SchoolSponsored
Exploration of W. African Coast
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Gold Coast
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Bartholomew Diaz
(1440-1500) 1487-1488 Cape
of Good Hope
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1489
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Vasco da Gama
(1460-1524)
1497 around Cape of Good Hope to India
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1498 To Calicut
Spices Sold In Europe
For Huge Profits
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Afonso de Albuquerque
1453-1515
Portuguese destroyed Muslim, Indian, and Asian Forts (1510s)
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By the 1600s the Dutch East India Company forced Portugal out
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The AmericasA “New World”
Spain = Reach the east by going west
Knew the world was round, but not so big
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King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
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Christopher Columbus
(1451-1506)
Caribbean Islands and
South American
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Columbus wanted to
spread Catholicism,
find gold, and capture slaves
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1492 Santa Fe CapitulationsColumbus named viceroy of any new territory
and gains 1/10 of any fortune
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Thought he was headed to Asia
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1st Voyage 1492-1493(Aug. 3 to Oct. 12 there)
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2nd Voyage 1493-1494
Forced natives on Hispaniola into slavery and Europeans claimed the land
3rd Voyage 1498
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Lasting Impact of
Columbus?
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1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
Portugal and Spain divided the world
---------------------------------------------------------
Spheres of influence approved by Pope
Alexander VI
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PortugalSpain
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Mundus Novus
“The New World””
Amerigo Vespucci1499 the Americas
Concluded it was NOT Asia
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1507 World Map (Waldseemuler)
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Pedro Cabral - 1500-1501 Brazil and IndiaKilled thousands establishing Portuguese presence
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Ferdinand Magellan(1480-1521)
1519 Attempted circumnavigation of the Earth for Spain
(Charles V)
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Magellan’s Voyage 1519-1522
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almost five months to cross
the Pacific Ocean
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ScurvyLack of vitamins C and A = melting of collagen fibers and breakdown of connective tissues
Gums swell, teeth fall out, connective tissues separate, capillaries hemorrhage, and boils form
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1521 Landed in the Philippines
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“A native hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the native's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass.... That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears…until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide.”
-Antonio Pigafetta (1521)
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5 ships and 270 men departed1 ship and 18 men returned 3 years later
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John Cabot(1450-1508)1497 New England
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Jacques Cartier
1534 Explores “New France”
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Henry Hudson
1607 searched for a Northeast Passage
Explored New York for the Dutch
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1625 Dutch New Amsterdam
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Spanish Conquistadors
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Hernándo Cortés
(1485-1547)
“I have come to win gold, not
plow the fields like a peasant.”
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1519: From Cuba to TenochtitlanAlliances with enemies of the Aztec
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Aztec culture and warfare
very different
from Spain
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From a 1521 letter from Cortés to Charles V
…whenever they wish to ask something of the idols, in order that their plea may find more
acceptance, they take many girls and boys and even adults, and in the presence of these idols they open their chests while they are
still alive and take out their hearts and entrails and burn them before the idols, …. Some of us have seen
this, and they say it is the most terrible and frightful thing they
have ever witnessed.
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…Your Majesties may, if You see fit, send a report to the Holy Father, so that diligence and
good order may be applied to the work of converting these
people, … also that His Holiness may permit and approve that the wicked and the rebellious, …may be punished as enemies of our Holy Catholic Faith. …
and the great evils which they practice in the service of the
Devil may be prevented…
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In 1520 the Spanish were ran out of Tenochtitlan
…but, they left something behind…
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Disease
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Small Pox
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1520 Aztecs defeated & enslaved
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GunsHorsesSteelDisease
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1400 and 1500s
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Columbian Exchangetransfer of plants, animals, and disease
between continents
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From the Americas to Europe(New World to Old World)
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From Europe to the Americas(Old World to New World)
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Smallpox Cholera Influenza MalariaPlague Mumps Leprosy Cold
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Disease Haiti:Pre-Columbus = 100,0001570 = only 300Mexico:1500 = 25,000,0001570 = 3,000,000
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Spanish Colonial Ruleby 1570s rebellions were crushed and Viceroys ruled
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Spanish Encomienda Systemconvert and “protect” a group of
natives in exchange for forced labor
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Governments and Church tried to regulate the treatment of the natives
Convert, don’t enslave1537 Papal Bull Sublimus Dei…said Indians and all other people who may later be discovered by Christians, are by no means to be deprived of their liberty or the possession of their property, even though they be outside the faith of Jesus Christ; and that they may and should, freely and legitimately, enjoy their liberty and the possession of their
property; nor should they be in any way enslaved…
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1542 Friar Bartolome de
Las Casas wroteA Short Account of the Destruction of
the Indies Documenting
Brutalities
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Wanting To “Protect” The
Natives He Suggests Shipping
Slaves From Africa
He later regretted this
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“I soon repented and judged myself guilty of ignorance. I came to realize that black slavery was as unjust as Indian slavery... and I was not sure that my ignorance and good faith
would secure me in the eyes of God.”
he often gets blamed for slave trade but the real blame is $
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African Slavery 1st transported by Portugal1650-1870 = 12,500,000 slaves
20% died on the voyage
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Spanish Morality Tale African Slave and
Indian WomanCa. 1600
An African slave in the Americas is soliciting an Indian prostitute. The caption in Spanish admonishes the black man for using stolen money in addition to his immoral behavior.
In reality black slaves had no access to coinage and Native
American prostitutes often found clients among the
Spanish.
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Mestizos (“Mixed”)
Children of Europeans and
natives
Mulattoes(“Small Mule”)Children of
Europeans and Africans
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America-Asia-Europe trade network established by Spain (silver)
Dawn of Globalism
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1545 Potosi silver mines (Peru/Bolivia)But farmland still proved to be more valuable
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The Commercial RevolutionTop 4
Pages 108-110110-113113-115115-117121-123
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Population Growth and the
Price Revolution• 108 million by 1600– France, German States,
Spain, Italy, Russia, England
• Rising prices and falling wages and value of money– Pop growth = demand for
food– Flood of gold and silver– Some unknowns
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Labor and Capital
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Bourgeoisie(definition will change after industrialization)
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New Industries
andCapitalismThe end of usury
Mining, printing. shipbuilding, arms manufacturing, military equipment
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The
FuggersGerman
merchants and bankers associated with
Habsburgs, HRE, and Cath. Church
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Merchants loan (“put out”)
raw materials to workers
Laborers create the finished
product
Putting-Out System
Some laborers purchased their own raw materials
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Cottage Industry - Textiles
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Mercantilism•Government regulation and promotion
of industry–Poor Laws, Navigation Acts, National Markets, etc.
•Protectionism•Wealth based on securing limited
resources (gold)• Sell more than you purchase (Balance of
Trade)
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Urban Guildshigh wages, monopolies, standards, “group identity”
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Who would oppose the guilds? Why?
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International Chartered Trading Companies (Merchant/Govt. Alliance)East India Companies
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Global Economics 1500s
• Portugal–Asian Sea Trade (India)–Brazilian Plantations (Sugar & Slaves)
• Spain–Americas–Asia (Philippines & trade with China)
• Holland (Dutch)–Amsterdam = Financial Center–Spice Islands and India
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Changing Social Structures(lasted until Industrial Era)
• Landed Aristocracy (nobility)• Misc. Middle Classes
(bourgeoisie)• Peasantry (ag. workers)• Urban poor
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West / East Differences?Commercial Revolution and Global Trade
Serfdom and Hereditary Subjugation
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Education•Reformation–Protestants and Catholics
•Economic changes–Finance, law, government•Growing opportunities across
class, but mostly male
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