Chapter 3 Ecosystem Ecology. REVERSING THE DEFORESTATION OF HAITI 75% < $2.00/day 1923- 60% forest...
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Transcript of Chapter 3 Ecosystem Ecology. REVERSING THE DEFORESTATION OF HAITI 75% < $2.00/day 1923- 60% forest...
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Chapter 3Ecosystem Ecology
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REVERSING THE DEFORESTATION OF HAITI
•75% < $2.00/day•1923- 60% forest•2006 - <2% forest
•What does deforestation do to ecosystem services?
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REVERSING THE DEFORESTATION OF HAITI
Mango Trees!!!
$70 - $150 of mangos/year!
How does this address the deforestation problem?
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Ecosystem Ecology Examines Interactions Between the
Living and Non-Living World
• Ecosystem- A particular location on Earth distinguished by its particular mix of interacting biotic and abiotic components.
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Ecosystem Boundaries
• Biotic and abiotic components provide boundaries that distinguish one ecosystem from another.
• Some ecosystems, such as a caves and lakes have very distinctive boundaries. However, in most ecosystems it is difficult to determine where one ecosystems stops and the next begins.
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• Ecosystem boundaries might be defined by a particular species of interest or topographic features.
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Ecosystem Processes
• Even though it is helpful to distinguish between two different ecosystems, ecosystems interact with other ecosystems by exchanging matter and energy.
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Checkpoint…
•What is an ecosystem and what are its components?
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Checkpoint…
•How would you know when you left one ecosystem and entered another?
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Checkpoint…
How are ecosystem boundaries different than natural ones?
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Energy Flows through Ecosystems
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Photosynthesis and Respiration
• Producers (autotrophs) are able to use the suns energy to produce usable energy through the process called photosynthesis.
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Let’s demonstrate…
Volunteers please….
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Photosynthesis and Respiration
• Cellular respiration is the process by which other organisms gain energy from eating the tissues of producers.
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Trophic Levels, Food Chains, and Food Webs
• Consumers (heterotrophs)- obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
• Primary Consumers (herbivores)- consume producers.
• Secondary Consumers (carnivores)- obtain their energy by eating primary consumers.
• Tertiary Consumers (carnivores)- eat secondary consumers.
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• Food Chain- The sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers.
• Food Web- A more realistic type of food chain that takes into account the complexity of nature.
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Ecosystem Productivity
• Gross primary productivity (GPP)- The total amount of solar energy that the producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time.
• Net primary productivity (NPP)- The energy captured (GPP) minus the energy respired by producers.
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GPP = amount you get paid
NPP = amount after taxes
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CO2 taken up during photosynthesis = CO2 taken up in sunlight + CO2 produced in the
dark
With this information can determine the GPP of anecosystem/day.
Units: kg C/m2/day
(Kilograms of C taken up per m2 per day).
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Converting sunlight into chemical energy is not efficient.
NPP ranges from 25-50% of GPP Or
0.25% of solar energy striking the plant.
Of the 1% of sun’s energy that is captured by a producer only 40% is
used.
Let’s do the math!
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A forest in North America has a GPP of 2.5 kg C/m2/year.
It loses 1.5 kg C/m2/year to respiration
NPP= 2.5 -1.5 = 1 kg C/m2/year (1.8 lbs C/m2/year)
This means: plants living in 1 m2 of forest will add 1kg of C to their tissues each year by
growing/reproduction.
NPP= 40% of GPP
ALLOWS US TO COMPARE PRODUCTIVITY AND CHANGE IN AN ECOSYSTEM!
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Energy Transfer Efficiency and Trophic Pyramids
• Biomass- The energy in an ecosystem is measured in terms of biomass.
• Standing crop- The amount of biomass/energy present in an ecosystem at a particular time. (note different than productivity or rate of energy)
• Ecological efficiency- The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another.
• Trophic pyramid- The representation of the distribution of biomass among trophic levels.
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Standing Crop
Slow growing forest:•Low productivity – low amounts of biomass added each year•Standing Crop – biomass is high
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Standing Crop
•Algae – high productivity due to high growth
rates--- standing
crop is l ow due to primary consumers.
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Ecological Efficiency
• 10% rule
• Only about 10% of the available biomass at each trophic level can be converted into energy at the next level.
• REPRESENTED BY THE TROPHIC PYRAMID
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Suppose all humans decided to become
vegetarians….
• 1 acre of cropland = 1,000 kg soybeans
• 10x more food available if eaten raw reather than feeding to beef to eat meat.
• 1kg of soybeans = 2.5x calories as beef
• 1 acre would produce 25x more caloires.
MORE LAND REQUIRED TO BE SECONDARY CONSUMER!
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Checkpoint…
•Why is photosynthesis an important process?
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Checkpoint…
•What determines the productivity of an ecosystem?
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Checkpoint…
•How efficiently is energy transferred between trophic levels in an ecosystem?
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STOP HERE
• Make a list of what you ate today for lunch and where it came from (animals, plants etc.)
• Make a trophic pyramid and place all organisms in each level.
• At which level did you get most of your energy?
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Matter cycles through the biosphere
• Biosphere- The combination of all ecosystems on Earth.
• Biogeochemical cycles- The movement of matter within and between ecosystems involving biological, geologic and chemical processes.
IWhat type of system is this?
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The Hydrologic Cycle
• The movement of water through the biosphere.
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The Hydrologic Cycle
• Transpiration- The process where plants release water from their leaves into the atmosphere.
• Evapotranspiration- The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration. (often used to measure water through an ecosystem)
• Runoff- When water moves across the land surface into streams and rivers, eventually reaching the ocean.
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Human Activities and Hydrologic
Cycle• Havesting Trees
• Paving Roads
• Diverting Water
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The Carbon Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
• Photosynthesis (plants)
• Respiration (animals)
• Exchange (atmosphere and ocean)
• Sedimentation and burial
• Extraction (recent phenomenon)
• Combustion (fossil fuels/timber)
• Faster processes involve living organisms.
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Carbon Cycle
• Producers – water
• Consumers – food
• Decomposers – dead organisms
• During Decomposition elements become available to producers again.
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The Nitrogen Cycle
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Nitrogen CycleStep 1
• Only a few organisms can conver Nigrogen into ammonia. By NITROGEN FIXATION
• Cyanobacteria, bacteria in legume roots
• Enzymes break nitrogen bond and add hydrogen to form ammonia and ammonium in the soil.
• Bacteria excrete ammonium into plant roots and plant gives bacteria sugars.
• LIGHTENING/COMBUSTION – Nitrogen to nitrate
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Step 2 - Assimilation
Nitrogen assimilated into tissues
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Step 3 - Ammonification
• Decomposers use nitrogen wastes and dead bodies as food and excrete ammonium
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Step 4 - Nitrification
• Bacteria convert ammonium into nitrite and then nitrate (minor importance but can be used by producers)
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Step 5 - Denitrification
• Nitrate is transported through soil (leaching)
• Bacteria in waterloggged soil convert nitrate into nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas and put back into the atmosphere.
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The Phosphorus Cycle
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Ecosystems respond to disturbance
• Disturbance- An event caused by physical, chemical or biological agents that results in changes in population size or community composition.
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Watershed Studies
• Watershed- All of the land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake or wetland.
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Resistance versus Resilience
• Resistance- A measure of how much a disturbance can affect its flows of energy and matter.
• Resilience- The rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance.
• Restoration ecology- A new scientific discipline that is interested in restoring damaged ecosystems.
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The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
• The intermediate disturbance hypothesis- states that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels.
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Ecosystems Provide Valuable Services
Instrumental vs Intrinsic
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Instrumental Values of Ecosystems
• Provisions- Goods that humans can use directly.
• Regulating services- The service provided by natural systems that helps regulate environmental conditions.
• Support systems- The support services that natural ecosystems provide such as pollination, natural filters and pest control.
• Resilience- Resilience of an ecosystem ensures that it will continue to provide benefits to humans. This greatly depends on species diversity.
• Cultural services- Ecosystems provide cultural or aesthetic benefits to many people.