Chapter 3 · Chapter 3. Objectives ... substances Carry them across the ... The movement of water...
Transcript of Chapter 3 · Chapter 3. Objectives ... substances Carry them across the ... The movement of water...
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Chapter 3
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Objectives
Relate structure to function for the
components of plant and animal
cells.
Explain the role of cell membranes
as a highly selective barrier (passive
and active transport).
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The Cell Membrane
Functions: Physical isolation
Regulation of exchange with the
environment
Sensitivity to the environment
Structural support
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The Cell Membrane
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Components of Cell Membrane
Lipids 2 layers Hydrophobic tails on inside Hydrophilic heads on outside
Proteins Catalyze rxns Carrier proteins Channels
Carbohydrates Protection Locomotion Recognition
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How Things Get Into and Out of Cells
Passive transport Diffusion
Active transport Vesicular transport Material are within small
sacs/vesicles
Carrier-mediated transport Help from membrane
proteins Can be passive or active
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Diffusion
Random motion
Collisions of ions and molecules
High to low concentration gradient
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Vesicular Transport
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
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Carrier-Mediated TransportProteins bind to
specific ions or organic substances
Carry them across the membrane
Carrier substances only bind to specific substances
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KEY CONCEPT
Cells: basic structural and
functional units of life respond to their environment
maintain homeostasis at the cellular level
modify structure and function over time
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Review!!
Cell membranes are said to be
_____.a) impermeable
b) freely permeable
c) selectively permeable
d) actively permeable
e) slightly permeable
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The movement of water across a membrane from an area of high solvent concentration to an area of low solvent concentration is known as _____.a) osmosisb) active transportc) diffusiond) facilitated diffusione) filtration
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Diffusion is important in body
fluids because it tends to _____.a) increase local concentration gradients
b) eliminate local concentration gradients
c) move substances against concentration
gradients
d) create concentration gradients
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Objectives
Explain the relationship between
mutation, cell cycle, and
uncontrolled cell growth potentially
resulting in cancer.
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Cell Cycle
The whole
point:One cell becomes
two
Daughter cells
are identical to
parent cells
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Interphase
Not actively
dividing
Most time spent here
3 phases: G1 – growth, normal
cell functions
S – DNA replication
G2 – protein synthesis
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Mitosis
M phase
Actual dividing occurs
4 phases: Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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Prophase
Chromosomes condense, become
visible
Chromatids attached by centromere
Nucleolus disappears
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Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle
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Anaphase
Centromere splits, chromosomes
separate towards poles
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Telophase
Nuclear membrane reforms
Nuclei enlarge
Chromosomes uncoil
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Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
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What regulates cell
division?
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Mitotic Rate and Energy
Rate of cell division: slower mitotic rate means longer cell life
cell division requires energy (ATP)
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Long Life, Short Life
Muscle cells, neurons rarely divide
Exposed cells (skin and digestive
tract) live only days or hours
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Regulating Cell Life
Normally, cell division balances cell
loss
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Cancer
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Cancer Stages
Cancer develops in steps: abnormal cell
primary tumor
metastasis
secondary tumor
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Cell Division and Tumors
Tumor (neoplasm): enlarged mass of cells
abnormal cell growth and division
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Benign Tumors
Benign tumor: contained
not life threatening
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Malignant Tumors
Malignant tumor: spread into surrounding tissues (invasion)
start new tumors (metastasis)
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Cancer and Cells
Cancer: illness that disrupts cellular controls
produces malignant cells
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Cancer and Genes
Oncogenes: mutated genes that cause cancer
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KEY CONCEPT
Mutations disrupt normal controls
over cell growth and division
Cancers often begin where stem
cells are dividing rapidly
More chromosome copies mean
greater chance of error
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What makes cells
different?
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Cell Diversity
All cells carry complete DNA
instructions for all body functions
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Cell Differentiation
Cells specialize or
differentiate: to form tissues (liver
cells, fat cells, and
neurons)
by turning off all genes
not needed by that cell
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KEY CONCEPT
All body cells, except sex cells,
contain the same 46 chromosomes
Differentiation depends on which
genes are active and which are
inactive