Chapter 3 – Cell Structures & Functions · Chapter 3 – Cell Structures & Functions ... Contrast...
Transcript of Chapter 3 – Cell Structures & Functions · Chapter 3 – Cell Structures & Functions ... Contrast...
Biology 12 Name: KEY
Cell Biology Per: Date:
Chapter 3 – Cell Structures & Functions Complete using BC Biology 12, pages 62 - 107
3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization pages 66 - 67
1. The macromolecules, such as carbohydrates and nucleic acids, discussed in the last chapter are not alive, yet the cell is alive. The cell is the structural (a) and functional (b) unit of an organism. It is the smallest unit capable of performing all the functions necessary for life (c)
2. History of microscopy: name the scientist that made the following contributions to cell biology 3. The cell theory is a basic theory of biology which states
All organisms are made up of basic living units called cells
All cells come only from previously existing cells 4. Complete the following table.
Cube side length Surface Area (6s2) Volume (l x w x h) SA:V Ratio
1 cm 6 (12) = 6 13 = 1 6 : 1
2 cm 6 (22) = 24 23 = 8 24 : 8 = 3 : 1
3 cm 6 (32) = 54 33 = 27 54 : 27 = 2 : 1
4 cm 6 (42) = 96 43 = 64 96 : 64 = 1.5 : 1
5. Using the information from the table above, explain why humans are made up of trillions of small cells instead
of just big one. Amount of SA affects the ability to get materials in and out of the cell. Also, larger cells need
more nutrients and produce more wastes BUT have a low SA:V ratio. This is inadequate to sustain the needs of
the cell.
Across
3. Concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells. 5. Made some of the earliest microscopes. Down
1. Stated that plants are composed of cells. 2. Stated that animals are made up of living units called cells. 4. First used the term "cell" to refer to the honeycomb
structure of cork observed in the microscope.
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6. Why are there some cells that are much larger, even visible to the human eye, such as a
chicken egg?
These types of cells are not actively metabolizing like other cells. Once fertilized, their
metabolism kicks in and they divide internally into smaller and smaller cells.
7. Give an example of a modification utilized by cells that specialize in absorption.
Columnar epithelial cells along intestine surface are highly folded into microvilli to
increase SA
3.2 Eukaryotic Cells pages 67 - 77
8. All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane (a) consisting of a phospholipid bilayer (b) embedded with protein (c) molecules.
9. Describe the composition of cytoplasm. Water, salts, dissolved organic molecules 10. Define organelle: Any well-defined subcellular structure that performs a particular function for the cell
11. Identify the organelles on the following diagram. Use Figure 3.3 on page 70 to help.
nucleus vesicle or lysosome
smooth ER
Golgi apparatus
rough ER
plasma membrane cytoplasm ribosome
mitochondria
cytoskeleton
centrosome (or centrioles)
chromatin nucleolus
12. Match the functions of the organelles to their correct descriptions. B cytoskeleton A. cellular respiration (production of energy)
G Golgi apparatus B. shape of cell and movement of its parts
A mitochondria C. lipid synthesis, tasks vary depending on type of cell
J nucleus D. regulates molecule passage into and out of cells
H peroxisomes E. storage of substances
D plasma membrane F. folding, modification, and transport of proteins
I ribosomes G. processing, packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids
F rough endoplasmic reticulum H. various metabolic tasks
C smooth endoplasmic reticulum I. protein synthesis
E vacuoles and vesicles J. storage of genetic information; synthesis of DNA and RNAhe
Cytoskeleton pages 77 - 80
13. Briefly describe the specific parts of the nucleus
chromatin: DNA & associated proteins (“loose” DNA)
chromosomes: condensed DNA (just before cell division)
nucleoplasm: the cytoplasm of the nucleus
nucleolus: rRNA production and formation of ribosome subunits
nuclear envelope: double membrane around nucleus
nuclear pores: allows proteins, ribosome subunits, etc to enter and exit the nucleus
14. Where in the cell are ribosomes found? Floating in cytoplasm (can be polyribosomes) and attached to rough ER
15. The endomembrane system consists of the:
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
Golgi apparatus
vesicles
16. How does the Golgi apparatus known whether the proteins made at the rough ER belong inside the cell or are
to be transported out of the cell? specific molecular tags like “postal codes”
17. Name three functions of lysosomes. (1) digest materials that
come into the cell (e.g. breakdown polymers) (2) immune
system aid (e.g. destroy pathogens) (3) autodigestion (e.g.
breaking down old or unneeded cell parts)
18. Use Figure 3.7 on page 74 to identify the missing labels in the diagram below.
19. Where in the body do we have cells that contain high numbers of peroxisomes? liver
20. Contrast animal and plant cells (based on organelles or specific organelle functions).
Unique to animal cells
i. lysosomes * cilia & flagella rare for plants
ii. centrosome / centrioles
iii. peroxisomes: break down fat, produce bile salts
Unique to plant cells
i. chloroplasts
ii. cell wall
iii. large central vacuole
21. Plants have chloroplasts (a) which use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates by
the process of photosynthesis (b). This process is described by the equation:
plasma membrane
incoming vesicle
lysosome
transport vesicle
smooth ER
secretory vesicle
Golgi apparatus
transport vesicle
rough ER
solar energy + CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2
energy + carbon dioxide + water carbohydrates + oxygen KNOW THIS
22. Label the chloroplast below with the terms: grana, stroma, and thylakoid
23. Many organisms carry on cellular respiration (a) which is performed within the mitochondria (b). This process can be represented by the equation:
24. Label the mitochondrion below with the terms: matrix and cristae
25. Compare the chloroplast and the mitochondria in the following table.
Chloroplast Mitochondria A. Organelle with a double membrane X X
B. Converts solar energy into carbohydrates X
C. Converts carbohydrates into ATP X
D. Found in plant cells X X
E. Found in animal cells X
F. Smaller of the two organelles X
G. Contain a single circular DNA molecule and ribosomes X X
H. Divide by splitting in two (similar to how bacteria reproduce) X X
I. Thought to play a role in aging X
J. All come from the female parent X
thylakoid
stroma (fluid)
grana
cristae (folds)
matrix (fluid)
CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O + chemical energy
carbohydrates + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP KNOW THIS
3.3 The Cytoskeleton pages 77 - 80
26. The cytoskeleton is often compared with the bones (a) and muscles (b) of an animal. However, the cytoskeleton is dynamic (c), especially because its protein components can assemble and disassemble (d) as needed.
27. The cytoskeleton contains three types of proteins. Identify them in the image below.
28. Compare the functions of each of the cytoskeleton components.
Actin filaments (microfilaments): structural role (anchored to plasma membrane by special proteins)
i. Interact with myosin motor molecules
Intermediate filaments: structural role, support nuclear envelope, support plasma membrane, form cell-to-cell junctions, mechanical strength
Microtubules: maintain cell shape, tracks for organelles to move along, form spindle near cell division
i. Interact with kinesin and dynein motor molecules 29. What is the importance of the centrosome to cells? involved in microtubule assembly and disassembly, may
organize mitotic spindle (form the MTOC = microtubule organizing center) 30. Complete the table below. Use Figures 3.13 and 3.14 to help.
Centrioles Cilia & Flagella
Microtubule pattern 9 + 0 9 + 2
Cross-section drawing
Function Aids in cell division Aids in movement
intermediate filaments (width 8-11nm)
microtubules (width 25nm)
actin filaments (width 7nm)
3.4 Plasma Membrane Structure & Function pages 81 - 82
31. Draw a basic cross section of a portion of a plasma membrane. Label the following items: A. carbohydrate chain B. cholesterol C. glycolipid
D. glycoprotein E. hydrophilic head F. hydrophobic tail
G. integral protein H. peripheral protein I. phospholipid
32. Match the following terms and descriptions. D carbohydrate chain A. associated with only one side of the plasma membrane C cholesterol B. span the membrane and can protrude from one or both sides F glycolipid C. regulates the fluidity of the membrane E glycoprotein D. can be attached to either the phospholipid heads or proteins B integral protein E. protein molecule with a carbohydrate chain attached A peripheral protein F. lipid molecule with a carbohydrates chain attached G phospholipid G. primary component of the plasma membrane
33. Describe why the structure of the plasma membrane is
described as a fluid-mosaic model.
“fluid” refers to the phospholipids and the “mosaic” refers to
the proteins that are scattered throughout the membrane
A
B
C D
E
F I
H
G
phospholipid bilayer
34. Identify the FIVE types of integral proteins based on the diagrams below.
3.5 The Permeability of the Plasma Membrane pages 83 - 91
35. Why is the plasma membrane better referred to as selectively permeable rather than semi-permeable? The cell regulates the passage of molecules into and out of cell, “chooses” what goes across rather than allowing through only by size
Type: carrier Function: passage of molecules across membrane, often up a [ ] gradient (requires energy) Example: (1) sodium – potassium pump required for nerve conduction (2) movement of sugars
Type: receptor Function: allows specific molecules to bind causing protein to change shape and resulting in a cellular response Example: insulin receptors in liver causes storage of glucose
Type: cell recognition (also known as glycoprotein) Function: helps the body recognize its own cells versus foreign cells and pathogens (immune) Example: white blood cells keep body healthy
Type: enzymatic Function: carry out metabolic reactions directly (catalyze a specific reaction) Example: adenylate cyclase involved in ATP metabolism. Final steps of aerobic respiration.
Type: channel Function: passage of molecules across a membrane “freely” down a [ ] gradient (no energy) can be gated Example: H+ across inner mitochondria membrane to create ATP
36. Energy is NOT required to transport molecules across the plasma membrane if they are…
small, non-charged
going down [ ] gradient from [high] [low]
Examples include: water, O2, CO2, some sugar and amino acids 37. Energy is required to transport molecules across the plasma membrane if they are…
large, charged
going up [ ] gradient from [low] [high]
Examples include: macromolecules, sodium ions, glucose 38. While both involve movement from [high] to [low], what is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion deals with all ions and molecules while osmosis deals only with water molecules
39. Compare the three states of tonicity that may affect a cell.
Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic
Prefix Meaning
the same as
less than more than
Net movement of water (in, out or at equilibrium)
at equilibrium
in out
Drawing of an animal cell in a solution of this type
H2O
H2O
H2O
40. Are the following terms or descriptions related to isotonic (I), hypotonic (HO), or hypertonic (HE) solutions? A. HE crenation B. HO cytolysis C. HO turgor pressure D. HE plasmolysis E. I 0.9% NaCl intravenous drip F. HE preserving meats by salting them G. HO keeping vegetables crisp by spraying them with distilled water
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
41. Biologically useful molecules are able to enter and exit the cell at a rapid rate because of carrier proteins in the membrane. These proteins are believed to undergo a change in shape that moves the molecule across the membrane.
42. Define the two categories of transport
facilitated: no energy required, uses mainly channel proteins and some carrier proteins, requires a [ ] gradient
active: requires energy, gated channel proteins, carrier proteins, formation of vesicles
43. Why are proteins involved in active transport often called “pumps”? because they are pushing ions or molecules UP a [ ] gradient
44. Vesicles must be used to move macromolecules across the plasma membrane. The process of moving large substances out of the cell is called exocytosis (a) while the process of moving substances into the cell is called endocytosis (b).
45. Name the three ways large substances can enter a cell. Then briefly describe the process in terms of an area of the body where it occurs, or what substances are brought in this way, etc.
Description
“cell drinking”
Small items (e.g. glucose) are taken in for use or transport.
Happens continuously for cells (e.g. kidney filtering blood, intestines absorbing
nutrients)
Description
form of pinocytosis
Very selective and more efficient. Uptake and
exchange between cells (e.g. moving substances
between mother and fetal blood at placenta)
Description
“cell eating”
Taking in large particles (e.g. worn out cells or bacterium) into a vesicle to fuse with a
lysosome. Hydrolytic enzymes released to breakdown contents.
Example: white blood cells
phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis
Edmodo Assignment! Read “Osmotic Balance in Salmon” article on page 89 and answer the questions below on Edmodo when asked to.
1. Define anadromous and smoltification. 2. Answer book question #2.
3. Describe in moderate detail what happens to a salmon as it returns to its natal stream to spawn.
Chapter 3 Review Questions pages 102 – 107
1. A 3. D 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. C
9. D 10. B 11. D 12. C 13. D 15. D 16. C
17. A 18. C 19. D 20. C 21. A 22. C 23. A
24. C 25. C 26. C 27. D 28. C 29. D 30. D
31. Only one possible answer for each (a) IV (b) V (c) VII (d) III (e) I (f) V (g) II _
32. (a) VI (b) I (c) II (d) VI (e) V (f) VII (g) IX (h) III, VIII (i) III, VIII (j) IX (k) IX (l) VI (m) IV (n) VII (o) VIII (p) III, VIII
35. cellulose
36. A
37. vesicle
38. maintain rigid structure, pushes against cell wall
40. Name all 3 CO2 + sunlight + H2O
45. Cardiac muscle cells need lots of energy which is supplied by the mitochondria
Testes have smooth ER to produce testosterone
46. H2O2 would build up and be toxic to the cells and body
50. The bacterium would be brought inside a cell by phagocytosis into a vesicle. This would merge with a
lysosome which would empty its digestive enzymes to break it down
51. The cell would shrivel and turgor pressure would decrease
52. Reverse processes: the products of one are the reactants of the other
57. The cell would divide or infold 58. Show your work 3:1 3 ÷ 1 = 3
4:3 4 ÷ 3 = 1.3
3:2 3 ÷ 2 = 1.5 *
60. Water is always entering the cells so organisms need to adapt a method to remove excess water (e.g.
contractile vacuoles, dilute urine, etc)
61. Temperature, molecule size, polarity, [ ]
65. Hypotonic: 1 Hypertonic: 2
66. Chloroplasts pushed to the edges by the central vacuole
67. Water goes out
70. Plasmolysis
71. Water comes in, turgor pressure increases
72. Test tube 1 isotonic Test tube 2 hypertonic Test tube 3 hypotonic
73. Cell shrivels, water goes out, crenation
74. Water goes in, cell bursts, hemolysis
83. 4 and 5
84. about 15%
85. SA:V ratio is too large for efficient exchange of materials for an organism to survive
* incorrect answer key, look at answer for #90
91. Weakened wall gives increased chance for viral infections or cell might burst with increased water intake
Mark the review questions using the answer key on pages 527 – 530
Extra practice (will not be marked). See how many of these organelles you know. Some are duplicated and there may be some that are hard to identify so just name as many as you can.
A – cell membrane
B – nuclear envelope
C – nuclear pore
D – nucleolus
E – chromatin
F – nucleoplasm
G – mitochondria
H – Golgi body
I – centriole
J – microtubules
K - vesicle
L – lysosomes
M – vacuoles
N – actin filaments
O – ribosomes
P – rough & smooth ER
Q – cytoplasm