Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living...
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Transcript of Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living...
![Page 1: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells
![Page 2: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
I. Organic Chemistry
A. What is organic?
1. Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.
2. Contains Carbon…but not CO2
3. So, contains Carbon Covalently Bound to Hydrogen and Oxygen.
![Page 3: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
I. Organic Chemistry
B. Carbon’s Characteristics:
1. Plentiful and Stable.
2. Forms 4 bonds (4 valence e-).
3. Will form chains and rings with
other carbon atoms.
![Page 4: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Carbon Ring Notation
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I. Organic Chemistry
C. Functional Groups:
The group that often determines how a
molecule will interact with another
molecule.
![Page 6: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
I. Organic Chemistry
C. Functional Groups
Know these four functional groups:
-OH Hydroxyl (hydrogen bonding)
-COOH Carboxyl
-NH3 Amino
-PO4 Phosphate
![Page 7: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
I. Organic Chemistry
D. Types of Reactions
1. Condensation, or Dehydration
Synthesis:
Two smaller molecules join to form one
macromolecule and release a molecule
of water.
![Page 8: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
I. Organic Chemistry
D. Types of Reactions
2. Hydrolysis, or Cleavage Reaction:
A macromolecule is cleaved/split,
requiring a molecule of water. The
result is two smaller molecules.
![Page 9: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
II. Carbohydrates
• So named as some have a ratio of 1 carbon to 1 water (thus, hydrated carbon or carbohydrate).
• Glucose = 6 carbon to 6 waters• Sucrose =C12H22O11
What is missing?
Where did it go?
![Page 10: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
II. Carbohydrates
A. Monomers (basic building blocks) Sugars: Monosaccharids, Disaccharides or Oligosaccharids. 1. Monosaccharides: Glucose (main energy for most living things), Fructose (common sugar in fruits) and galactose.
![Page 11: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
II. Carbohydrates
2. Disaccharides:
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
![Page 12: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
II. Carbohydrates
B. Polymers (made of many units) are
Polysaccharides:
Starch, Cellulose, Fiber and Glycogen;
also called Complex Carbohydrates.
Starch- Many glucose molecules covalently bonded together. Principal storage molecule for plants.
![Page 13: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
II. Carbohydrates
• Glycogen – Similar to starch in that it is many glucose molecules covalently bonded together, but the molecule has different side chains. This molecule is a principle energy storage molecule for animals.
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II. Carbohydrates
• Cellulose – A long strand of glucose molecules, bound together in such a way that most animals are unable to digest this molecule. It is a structural molecule and gives plants their strength. Can be digested by cows due to the presence of bacteria in their stomachs.
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MMs and Crickets
• Chitin – Similar to cellulose, but nitrogen is added to each glucose unit. This is the primary molecule in the exoskeleton of insects and cell wall of fungi.
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Starch
Function:
Structure:
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Glucose
Function:
Structure:
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Green = Carbon, White = Hydrogen, Red = Oxygen
![Page 20: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Green = Carbon, White = Hydrogen, Red = Oxygen
![Page 21: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Name:
NH3
OH
PO4
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III. Lipids
A. Fats/Oils/ Waxes/Grease
1. Monomers: Fatty acids and Glycerols
Fatty Acid
Chain of Carbon:
Hydrogen atoms (few to no
oxygen atoms)
![Page 23: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
III. Lipids
B. Polymer: Triglycerids
1. Saturated Fats (maximum # of hydrogens); all single bonds; usually solid at room temperature. 2. Unsaturated Fats; one or more double bonds; usually liquid at room temperature.
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Fig. 3.9a, p. 40stearic acid oleic acid linolenic acid
Which is mono-unsaturated? Poly-unsaturated? Saturated?
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III. Lipids
C. Polymer: Phospholipids. A polar
phosphate head and a nonpolar fatty acid
tail.
![Page 26: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
III. Lipids
D. Polymer: Sterols. Fats without fatty acid chains (include steroids, cholestorol).
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IV. Proteins
A. Monomer: Amino Acids 1. 20 Naturally occurring AAs; 8 we must get through our diet. 2. Contain nitrogen (amino group), carboxyl group and R group.
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IV. Proteins
B. Polymer: Proteins, or Polypeptide Chain
Two amino acids combine with peptide
bonds.
![Page 29: Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. I. Organic Chemistry A. What is organic? 1.Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then Stanley Miller’s experiment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649f1b5503460f94c301bb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Fig. 3.15, p. 43
newly formingpolypeptidechain
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IV. Proteins
C. Protein Structure:
a. Primary and Secondary, formed by AA
sequence
b. Tertiary, due to interactions of
functional groups.
c. Quarternary, due to interaction of two
or more separate proteins.
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Molecule?
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IV. Proteins
D. Denatured: Proteins can lose their shape if exposed to excess heat, pH or other conditions.
V. ATP and Nucleic AcidsSkip this reading, just know that ATP is an
important energy store in cells.