Chapter 3 Biopsychology - mrsichakpchs.weebly.com · chapter 3 biopsychology figure 3.1 $fccbobkq...

Chapter 3

Biopsychology

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Learning Objectives

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LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/twinstudy

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Figure 3.10 !Q�OBPQFKD�MLQBKQF>I��.>� �?IRB�MBKQ>DLKP�FP�JLOB�EFDEIV�@LK@BKQO>QBA�LRQPFAB�QEB�@BII�FK�QEBBUQO>@BIIRI>O�CIRFA��PELTK�FK�?IRB��TEBOB>P�+� �MROMIB�PNR>OBP�FP�JLOB�EFDEIV�@LK@BKQO>QBA�KB>O�QEB�JBJ?O>KB�FKQEB�@VQLMI>PJ�LO�FKQO>@BIIRI>O�CIRFA��/QEBO�JLIB@RIBP��PR@E�>P�@EILOFAB�FLKP��VBIILT�@FO@IBP�>KA�KBD>QFSBIV�@E>ODBAMOLQBFKP��?OLTK�PNR>OBP��EBIM�@LKQOF?RQB�QL�>�MLPFQFSB�KBQ�@E>ODB�FK�QEB�BUQO>@BIIRI>O�CIRFA�>KA�>�KBD>QFSB�KBQ�@E>ODBFK�QEB�FKQO>@BIIRI>O�CIRFA�

&OLJ QEFP OBPQFKD MLQBKQF>I PQ>QB QEB KBROLK OB@BFSBP > PFDK>I >KA FQP PQ>QB @E>KDBP >?ORMQIV Figure3.11� 7EBK > KBROLK OB@BFSBP PFDK>IP >Q QEB ABKAOFQBPoARB QL KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP COLJ >K >AG>@BKQ KBROLK

?FKAFKD QL FQP OB@BMQLOPoPJ>II MLOBP LO D>QBP LMBK LK QEB KBROLK>I JBJ?O>KB >IILTFKD .>� FLKP MOLMBIIBA ?V ?LQE @E>ODB >KA @LK@BKQO>QFLK AFCCBOBK@BP QL JLSB FKQL QEB @BII� 7FQE QEFP FKCIRU LC MLPFQFSBFLKP QEB FKQBOK>I @E>ODB LC QEB @BII ?B@LJBP JLOB MLPFQFSB� )C QE>Q @E>ODB OB>@EBP > @BOQ>FK IBSBI @>IIBA QEBthreshold of excitation �QEB�KBROLK�?B@LJBP�>@QFSB�>KA�QEB�>@QFLK�MLQBKQF>I�?BDFKP�

->KV >AAFQFLK>I MLOBP LMBK @>RPFKD > J>PPFSB FKCIRU LC .>� FLKP >KA > ERDB MLPFQFSB PMFHB FK QEBJBJ?O>KB MLQBKQF>I QEB MB>H >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I� !Q QEB MB>H LC QEB PMFHB QEB PLAFRJ D>QBP @ILPB >KA QEBMLQ>PPFRJ D>QBP LMBK� !P MLPFQFSBIV @E>ODBA MLQ>PPFRJ FLKP IB>SB QEB @BII NRF@HIV ?BDFKP OBMLI>OFW>QFLK�!Q CFOPQ FQ EVMBOMLI>OFWBP ?B@LJFKD PIFDEQIV JLOB KBD>QFSB QE>K QEB OBPQFKD MLQBKQF>I >KA QEBK FQ IBSBIPLCC �OBQROKFKD�QL�QEB�OBPQFKD�MLQBKQF>I�

Figure 3.11 $ROFKD�QEB�>@QFLK�MLQBKQF>I��QEB�BIB@QOF@>I�@E>ODB�>@OLPP�QEB�JBJ?O>KB�@E>KDBP�AO>J>QF@>IIV�

4EFP MLPFQFSB PMFHB @LKPQFQRQBP QEB action potential� QEB BIB@QOF@>I PFDK>I QE>Q QVMF@>IIV JLSBP COLJ QEB @BII?LAV ALTK QEB >ULK QL QEB >ULK QBOJFK>IP� 4EB BIB@QOF@>I PFDK>I JLSBP ALTK QEB >ULK IFHB > T>SB� >Q B>@E


MLFKQ PLJB LC QEB PLAFRJ FLKP QE>Q BKQBO QEB @BII AFCCRPB QL QEB KBUQ PB@QFLK LC QEB >ULK O>FPFKD QEB @E>ODBM>PQ QEB QEOBPELIA LC BU@FQ>QFLK >KA QOFDDBOFKD > KBT FKCIRU LC PLAFRJ FLKP� 4EB >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I JLSBP >IIQEB�T>V�ALTK�QEB�>ULK�QL�QEB�QBOJFK>I�?RQQLKP�

4EB >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I FP >K all-or-none MEBKLJBKLK� )K PFJMIB QBOJP QEFP JB>KP QE>Q >K FK@LJFKD PFDK>ICOLJ >KLQEBO KBROLK FP BFQEBO PRCCF@FBKQ LO FKPRCCF@FBKQ QL OB>@E QEB QEOBPELIA LC BU@FQ>QFLK� 4EBOB FP KL FK�?BQTBBK >KA QEBOB FP KL QROKFKD LCC >K >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I LK@B FQ PQ>OQP� 4EFKH LC FQ IFHB PBKAFKD >K BJ>FI LO> QBUQ JBPP>DB� 9LR @>K QEFKH >?LRQ PBKAFKD FQ >II VLR T>KQ ?RQ QEB JBPP>DB FP KLQ PBKQ RKQFI VLR EFQ QEBPBKA�?RQQLK��&ROQEBOJLOB �LK@B�VLR�PBKA�QEB�JBPP>DB �QEBOB�FP�KL�PQLMMFKD�FQ�

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!P KLQBA B>OIFBO TEBK QEB >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I >OOFSBP >Q QEB QBOJFK>I ?RQQLK QEB PVK>MQF@ SBPF@IBP OBIB>PBQEBFO KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP FKQL QEB PVK>MPB� 4EB KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP QO>SBI >@OLPP QEB PVK>MPB >KA ?FKA QLOB@BMQLOP LK QEB ABKAOFQBP LC QEB >AG>@BKQ KBROLK >KA QEB MOL@BPP OBMB>QP FQPBIC FK QEB KBT KBROLK>PPRJFKD QEB PFDK>I FP PRCCF@FBKQIV PQOLKD QL QOFDDBO >K >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I� /K@B QEB PFDK>I FP ABIFSBOBA BU@BPP KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP FK QEB PVK>MPB AOFCQ >T>V >OB ?OLHBK ALTK FKQL FK>@QFSB CO>DJBKQP LO >OBOB>?PLO?BA FK > MOL@BPP HKLTK >P reuptake� 2BRMQ>HB FKSLISBP QEB KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO ?BFKD MRJMBA?>@H FKQL QEB KBROLK QE>Q OBIB>PBA FQ FK LOABO QL @IB>O QEB PVK>MPB Figure 3.12� #IB>OFKD QEB PVK>MPBPBOSBP ?LQE QL MOLSFAB > @IB>O pLKq >KA pLCCq PQ>QB ?BQTBBK PFDK>IP >KA QL OBDRI>QB QEB MOLAR@QFLK LCKBROLQO>KPJFQQBO CRII PVK>MQF@ SBPF@IBP MOLSFAB PFDK>IP QE>Q KL >AAFQFLK>I KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP KBBA QL ?BMOLAR@BA�

Figure 3.12 2BRMQ>HB�FKSLISBP�JLSFKD�>�KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO�COLJ�QEB�PVK>MPB�?>@H�FKQL�QEB�>ULK�QBOJFK>I�COLJ�TEF@EFQ�T>P�OBIB>PBA�

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#IF@H�QEOLRDE�QEFP interactive simulation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/chospital)CLO�>�@ILPBO�ILLH�>Q�KBROLK>I�@LJJRKF@>QFLK�

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND DRUGS4EBOB >OB PBSBO>I AFCCBOBKQ QVMBP LC KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP OBIB>PBA ?V AFCCBOBKQ KBROLKP >KA TB @>K PMB>H FK?OL>A QBOJP >?LRQ QEB HFKAP LC CRK@QFLKP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE AFCCBOBKQ KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP Table 3.1� -R@ELC TE>Q MPV@ELILDFPQP HKLT >?LRQ QEB CRK@QFLKP LC KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP @LJBP COLJ OBPB>O@E LK QEB BCCB@QPLC AORDP FK MPV@ELILDF@>I AFPLOABOP� 0PV@ELILDFPQP TEL Q>HB > biological perspective >KA CL@RP LK QEBMEVPFLILDF@>I @>RPBP LC ?BE>SFLO >PPBOQ QE>Q MPV@ELILDF@>I AFPLOABOP IFHB ABMOBPPFLK >KA P@EFWLMEOBKF> >OB>PPL@F>QBA TFQE FJ?>I>K@BP FK LKB LO JLOB KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO PVPQBJP� )K QEFP MBOPMB@QFSB MPV@ELQOLMF@JBAF@>QFLKP @>K EBIM FJMOLSB QEB PVJMQLJP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QEBPB AFPLOABOP� Psychotropic medications>OB�AORDP�QE>Q�QOB>Q�MPV@EF>QOF@�PVJMQLJP�?V�OBPQLOFKD�KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO�?>I>K@B�

Table 3.1 Major Neurotransmitters and How They Affect Behavior

Neurotransmitter Involved in Potential Effect on Behavior

!@BQVI@ELIFKB -RP@IB�>@QFLK �JBJLOV )K@OB>PBA�>OLRP>I �BKE>K@BA@LDKFQFLK

"BQ>�BKALOMEFK 0>FK �MIB>PROB $B@OB>PBA�>KUFBQV �AB@OB>PBAQBKPFLK

$LM>JFKB -LLA �PIBBM �IB>OKFKD )K@OB>PBA�MIB>PROB �PRMMOBPPBA>MMBQFQB

'>JJ>�>JFKL?RQVOF@�>@FA'!"!

"O>FK�CRK@QFLK �PIBBM $B@OB>PBA�>KUFBQV �AB@OB>PBAQBKPFLK

'IRQ>J>QB -BJLOV �IB>OKFKD )K@OB>PBA�IB>OKFKD �BKE>K@BAJBJLOV

.LOBMFKBMEOFKB (B>OQ �FKQBPQFKBP >IBOQKBPP

)K@OB>PBA�>OLRP>I �PRMMOBPPBA>MMBQFQB

3BOLQLKFK -LLA �PIBBM -LARI>QBA�JLLA �PRMMOBPPBA>MMBQFQB

0PV@EL>@QFSB AORDP @>K >@Q >P >DLKFPQP LO >KQ>DLKFPQP CLO > DFSBK KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO PVPQBJ� Agonists >OB@EBJF@>IP QE>Q JFJF@ > KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO >Q QEB OB@BMQLO PFQB >KA QERP PQOBKDQEBK FQP BCCB@QP� !K antagonist LK QEB LQEBO E>KA ?IL@HP LO FJMBABP QEB KLOJ>I >@QFSFQV LC > KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO >Q QEB OB@BMQLO� !DLKFPQ >KA>KQ>DLKFPQ AORDP >OB MOBP@OF?BA QL @LOOB@Q QEB PMB@FCF@ KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO FJ?>I>K@BP RKABOIVFKD > MBOPLKsP@LKAFQFLK� &LO BU>JMIB 0>OHFKPLK�P AFPB>PB > MOLDOBPPFSB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ AFPLOABO FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQEILT IBSBIP LC ALM>JFKB� 4EBOBCLOB ALM>JFKB >DLKFPQP TEF@E JFJF@ QEB BCCB@QP LC ALM>JFKB ?V ?FKAFKD QLALM>JFKB�OB@BMQLOP �>OB�LKB�QOB>QJBKQ�PQO>QBDV�

#BOQ>FK PVJMQLJP LC P@EFWLMEOBKF> >OB >PPL@F>QBA TFQE LSBO>@QFSB ALM>JFKB KBROLQO>KPJFPPFLK� 4EB>KQFMPV@ELQF@P RPBA QL QOB>Q QEBPB PVJMQLJP >OB >KQ>DLKFPQP CLO ALM>JFKBoQEBV ?IL@H ALM>JFKBsP BCCB@QP

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/chospital

?V ?FKAFKD FQP OB@BMQLOP TFQELRQ >@QFS>QFKD QEBJ� 4ERP QEBV MOBSBKQ ALM>JFKB OBIB>PBA ?V LKB KBROLKCOLJ�PFDK>IFKD�FKCLOJ>QFLK�QL�>AG>@BKQ�KBROLKP�

)K @LKQO>PQ QL >DLKFPQP >KA >KQ>DLKFPQP TEF@E ?LQE LMBO>QB ?V ?FKAFKD QL OB@BMQLO PFQBP OBRMQ>HB FKEF?FQLOPMOBSBKQ RKRPBA KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP COLJ ?BFKD QO>KPMLOQBA ?>@H QL QEB KBROLK� 4EFP IB>SBP JLOBKBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP FK QEB PVK>MPB CLO > ILKDBO QFJB FK@OB>PFKD FQP BCCB@QP� $BMOBPPFLK TEF@E E>P ?BBK@LKPFPQBKQIV IFKHBA TFQE OBAR@BA PBOLQLKFK IBSBIP FP @LJJLKIV QOB>QBA TFQE PBIB@QFSB PBOLQLKFK OBRMQ>HBFKEF?FQLOP 332)P� "V MOBSBKQFKD OBRMQ>HB 332)P PQOBKDQEBK QEB BCCB@Q LC PBOLQLKFK DFSFKD FQ JLOB QFJBQL FKQBO>@Q TFQE PBOLQLKFK OB@BMQLOP LK ABKAOFQBP� #LJJLK 332)P LK QEB J>OHBQ QLA>V FK@IRAB 0OLW>@ 0>UFI >KA :LILCQ� 4EB AORD ,3$ FP PQOR@QRO>IIV SBOV PFJFI>O QL PBOLQLKFK >KA FQ >CCB@QP QEB P>JB KBROLKP>KA OB@BMQLOP >P PBOLQLKFK� 0PV@ELQOLMF@ AORDP >OB KLQ FKPQ>KQ PLIRQFLKP CLO MBLMIB PRCCBOFKD COLJMPV@ELILDF@>I AFPLOABOP� /CQBK >K FKAFSFAR>I JRPQ Q>HB > AORD CLO PBSBO>I TBBHP ?BCLOB PBBFKDFJMOLSBJBKQ >KA J>KV MPV@EL>@QFSB AORDP E>SB PFDKFCF@>KQ KBD>QFSB PFAB BCCB@QP� &ROQEBOJLOB FKAFSFAR>IP S>OV AO>J>QF@>IIV FK ELT QEBV OBPMLKA QL QEB AORDP� 4L FJMOLSB @E>K@BP CLO PR@@BPP FQ FP KLQRK@LJJLK CLO MBLMIB OB@BFSFKD ME>OJ>@LQEBO>MV QL RKABODL MPV@ELILDF@>I >KA�LO ?BE>SFLO>I QEBO>MFBP>P TBII� 3LJB OBPB>O@E PRDDBPQP QE>Q @LJ?FKFKD AORD QEBO>MV TFQE LQEBO CLOJP LC QEBO>MV QBKAP QL ?B JLOBBCCB@QFSB�QE>K�>KV�LKB�QOB>QJBKQ�>ILKB�CLO�LKB�PR@E�BU>JMIB �PBB�->O@E�BQ�>I� ��

3.3 Parts of the Nervous System

Learning Objectives

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KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ

4EB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ @>K ?B AFSFABA FKQL QTL J>GLO PR?AFSFPFLKP� QEB central nervous system (CNS) >KAQEB peripheral nervous system (PNS) PELTK FK Figure 3.13� 4EB #.3 FP @LJMOFPBA LC QEB ?O>FK >KA PMFK>I@LOA� QEB 0.3 @LKKB@QP QEB #.3 QL QEB OBPQ LC QEB ?LAV� )K QEFP PB@QFLK TB CL@RP LK QEB MBOFMEBO>I KBOSLRPPVPQBJ��I>QBO �TB�ILLH�>Q�QEB�?O>FK�>KA�PMFK>I�@LOA�



Figure 3.13 4EB�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ�FP�AFSFABA�FKQL�QTL�J>GLO�M>OQP��>�QEB�#BKQO>I�.BOSLRP�3VPQBJ�>KA��?�QEB0BOFMEBO>I�.BOSLRP�3VPQBJ�

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM4EB MBOFMEBO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ FP J>AB RM LC QEF@H ?RKAIBP LC >ULKP @>IIBA KBOSBP @>OOVFKD JBPP>DBP?>@H >KA CLOQE ?BQTBBK QEB #.3 >KA QEB JRP@IBP LOD>KP >KA PBKPBP FK QEB MBOFMEBOV LC QEB ?LAV F�B� BSBOVQEFKD LRQPFAB QEB #.3� 4EB 0.3 E>P QTL J>GLO PR?AFSFPFLKP� QEB PLJ>QF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJ >KA QEB>RQLKLJF@�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ�

4EB somatic nervous system FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE >@QFSFQFBP QO>AFQFLK>IIV QELRDEQ LC >P @LKP@FLRP LOSLIRKQ>OV� )Q FP FKSLISBA FK QEB OBI>V LC PBKPLOV >KA JLQLO FKCLOJ>QFLK QL >KA COLJ QEB #.3� QEBOBCLOB FQ @LKPFPQP LC JLQLO KBROLKP >KA PBKPLOV KBROLKP� -LQLO KBROLKP @>OOVFKD FKPQOR@QFLKP COLJ QEB #.3 QLQEB JRP@IBP >OB BCCBOBKQ CF?BOP BCCBOBKQ JB>KP pJLSFKD >T>V COLJq� 3BKPLOV KBROLKP @>OOVFKD PBKPLOVFKCLOJ>QFLK QL QEB #.3 >OB >CCBOBKQ CF?BOP >CCBOBKQ JB>KP pJLSFKD QLT>OAq� %>@E KBOSB FP ?>PF@>IIV >QTL�T>V�PRMBOEFDET>V �@LKQ>FKFKD�QELRP>KAP�LC�>ULKP �?LQE�BCCBOBKQ�>KA�>CCBOBKQ�

4EB autonomic nervous system @LKQOLIP LRO FKQBOK>I LOD>KP >KA DI>KAP >KA FP DBKBO>IIV @LKPFABOBAQL ?B LRQPFAB QEB OB>IJ LC SLIRKQ>OV @LKQOLI� )Q @>K ?B CROQEBO PR?AFSFABA FKQL QEB PVJM>QEBQF@ >KAM>O>PVJM>QEBQF@ AFSFPFLKP Figure 3.14� 4EB sympathetic nervous system FP FKSLISBA FK MOBM>OFKD QEB?LAV CLO PQOBPP�OBI>QBA >@QFSFQFBP� QEB parasympathetic nervous system FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE OBQROKFKD QEB?LAV QL OLRQFKB A>V�QL�A>V LMBO>QFLKP� 4EB QTL PVPQBJP E>SB @LJMIBJBKQ>OV CRK@QFLKP LMBO>QFKD FKQ>KABJ QL J>FKQ>FK QEB ?LAVsP ELJBLPQ>PFP� Homeostasis FP > PQ>QB LC BNRFIF?OFRJ FK TEF@E ?FLILDF@>I@LKAFQFLKP�PR@E�>P�?LAV�QBJMBO>QROB�>OB�J>FKQ>FKBA�>Q�LMQFJ>I�IBSBIP�


Figure 3.14 4EB�PVJM>QEBQF@�>KA�M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@�AFSFPFLKP�LC�QEB�>RQLKLJF@�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ�E>SB�QEB�LMMLPFQBBCCB@QP�LK�S>OFLRP�PVPQBJP�

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LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/bbcgame

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3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord

Learning Objectives

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LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/nobelanimation

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Figure 3.19 �>�0EFKB>P '>DB ELIAP�QEB�FOLK�OLA�QE>Q�MBKBQO>QBA�EFP�PHRII�FK�>K��O>FIOL>A�@LKPQOR@QFLK�>@@FABKQ��?�'>DBhP�MOBCOLKQ>I�@LOQBU�T>P�PBSBOBIV�A>J>DBA�FK�QEB�IBCQ�EBJFPMEBOB��4EB�OLA�BKQBOBA�'>DBhP�C>@B�LK�QEB�IBCQPFAB��M>PPBA�?BEFKA�EFP�BVB��>KA�BUFQBA�QEOLRDE�QEB�QLM�LC�EFP�PHRII��?BCLOB�I>KAFKD�>?LRQ��CBBQ�>T>V��@OBAFQ�>�JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V�*>@H�>KA�"BSBOIV�7FIDRP

4EB ?O>FKsP parietal lobe FP IL@>QBA FJJBAF>QBIV ?BEFKA QEB COLKQ>I IL?B >KA FP FKSLISBA FK MOL@BPPFKDFKCLOJ>QFLK COLJ QEB ?LAVsP PBKPBP� )Q @LKQ>FKP QEB somatosensory cortex TEF@E FP BPPBKQF>I CLO MOL@BPPFKDPBKPLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK COLJ >@OLPP QEB ?LAV PR@E >P QLR@E QBJMBO>QROB >KA M>FK� 4EB PLJ>QLPBKPLOV @LOQBUFP LOD>KFWBA QLMLDO>MEF@>IIV TEF@E JB>KP QE>Q PM>QF>I OBI>QFLKPEFMP QE>Q BUFPQ FK QEB ?LAV >OB J>FKQ>FKBALK QEB PROC>@B LC QEB PLJ>QLPBKPLOV @LOQBU Figure 3.20� &LO BU>JMIB QEB MLOQFLK LC QEB @LOQBU QE>QMOL@BPPBP PBKPLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK COLJ QEB E>KA FP >AG>@BKQ QL QEB MLOQFLK QE>Q MOL@BPPBP FKCLOJ>QFLK COLJ QEBTOFPQ�


Figure 3.20 3M>QF>I�OBI>QFLKPEFMP�FK�QEB�?LAV�>OB�JFOOLOBA�FK�QEB�LOD>KFW>QFLK�LC�QEB�PLJ>QLPBKPLOV�@LOQBU�

4EB temporal lobe FP IL@>QBA LK QEB PFAB LC QEB EB>A QBJMLO>I JB>KP pKB>O QEB QBJMIBPq >KA FP >PPL@F>QBATFQE EB>OFKD JBJLOV BJLQFLK >KA PLJB >PMB@QP LC I>KDR>DB� 4EB auditory cortex QEB J>FK >OB>OBPMLKPF?IB CLO MOL@BPPFKD >RAFQLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK FP IL@>QBA TFQEFK QEB QBJMLO>I IL?B� Wernicke’s area FJMLOQ>KQ CLO PMBB@E @LJMOBEBKPFLK FP >IPL IL@>QBA EBOB� 7EBOB>P FKAFSFAR>IP TFQE A>J>DB QL "OL@>sP>OB> E>SB AFCCF@RIQV MOLAR@FKD I>KDR>DB QELPB TFQE A>J>DB QL 7BOKF@HBsP >OB> @>K MOLAR@B PBKPF?IBI>KDR>DB �?RQ�QEBV�>OB�RK>?IB�QL�RKABOPQ>KA�FQ�Figure 3.21�

Figure 3.21 $>J>DB�QL�BFQEBO�"OL@>hP�>OB>�LO�7BOKF@HBhP�>OB>�@>K�OBPRIQ�FK�I>KDR>DB�ABCF@FQP��4EB�QVMBP�LC�ABCF@FQP>OB�SBOV�AFCCBOBKQ��ELTBSBO��ABMBKAFKD�LK�TEF@E�>OB>�FP�>CCB@QBA�

4EB occipital lobe FP IL@>QBA >Q QEB SBOV ?>@H LC QEB ?O>FK >KA @LKQ>FKP QEB MOFJ>OV SFPR>I @LOQBU TEF@E FPOBPMLKPF?IB CLO FKQBOMOBQFKD FK@LJFKD SFPR>I FKCLOJ>QFLK� 4EB L@@FMFQ>I @LOQBU FP LOD>KFWBA OBQFKLQLMF@>IIV TEF@E JB>KP QEBOB FP > @ILPB OBI>QFLKPEFM ?BQTBBK QEB MLPFQFLK LC >K L?GB@Q FK > MBOPLKsP SFPR>I CFBIA >KAQEB MLPFQFLK LC QE>Q L?GB@QsP OBMOBPBKQ>QFLK LK QEB @LOQBU� 9LR TFII IB>OK JR@E JLOB >?LRQ ELT SFPR>IFKCLOJ>QFLK�FP�MOL@BPPBA�FK�QEB�L@@FMFQ>I�IL?B�TEBK�VLR�PQRAV�PBKP>QFLK�>KA�MBO@BMQFLK�



Other Areas of the Forebrain/QEBO >OB>P LC QEB CLOB?O>FK IL@>QBA ?BKB>QE QEB @BOB?O>I @LOQBU FK@IRAB QEB QE>I>JRP >KA QEB IFJ?F@PVPQBJ� 4EB thalamus FP > PBKPLOV OBI>V CLO QEB ?O>FK� !II LC LRO PBKPBP TFQE QEB BU@BMQFLK LC PJBII >OBOLRQBA QEOLRDE QEB QE>I>JRP ?BCLOB ?BFKD AFOB@QBA QL LQEBO >OB>P LC QEB ?O>FK CLO MOL@BPPFKD Figure 3.22�

Figure 3.22 4EB�QE>I>JRP�PBOSBP�>P�QEB�OBI>V�@BKQBO�LC�QEB�?O>FK�TEBOB�JLPQ�PBKPBP�>OB�OLRQBA�CLO�MOL@BPPFKD�

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Figure 3.23 4EB�IFJ?F@�PVPQBJ�FP�FKSLISBA�FK�JBAF>QFKD�BJLQFLK>I�OBPMLKPB�>KA�JBJLOV�


The Case of Henry Molaison (H.M.))K �� (BKOV 'RPQ>S -LI>FPLK (� -� T>P > ��VB>O�LIA J>K TEL BUMBOFBK@BA PBSBOB PBFWROBP� )K>K >QQBJMQ QL @LKQOLI EFP PBFWROBP (� -� RKABOTBKQ ?O>FK PRODBOV QL OBJLSB EFP EFMML@>JMRP >KA>JVDA>I>� &LIILTFKD QEB PRODBOV (�-sP PBFWROBP ?B@>JB JR@E IBPP PBSBOB ?RQ EB >IPL PRCCBOBA PLJBRKBUMB@QBAo>KA ABS>PQ>QFKDo@LKPBNRBK@BP LC QEB PRODBOV� EB ILPQ EFP >?FIFQV QL CLOJ J>KV QVMBP LC KBTJBJLOFBP� &LO BU>JMIB EB T>P RK>?IB QL IB>OK KBT C>@QP PR@E >P TEL T>P MOBPFABKQ LC QEB 5KFQBA 3Q>QBP�(B T>P >?IB QL IB>OK KBT PHFIIP ?RQ >CQBOT>OA EB E>A KL OB@LIIB@QFLK LC IB>OKFKD QEBJ� &LO BU>JMIB TEFIBEB JFDEQ IB>OK QL RPB > @LJMRQBO EB TLRIA E>SB KL @LKP@FLRP JBJLOV LC BSBO E>SFKD RPBA LKB� (B @LRIAKLQ OBJBJ?BO KBT C>@BP >KA EB T>P RK>?IB QL OBJBJ?BO BSBKQP BSBK FJJBAF>QBIV >CQBO QEBV L@@ROOBA�2BPB>O@EBOP TBOB C>P@FK>QBA ?V EFP BUMBOFBK@B >KA EB FP @LKPFABOBA LKB LC QEB JLPQ PQRAFBA @>PBP FKJBAF@>I >KA MPV@ELILDF@>I EFPQLOV (>OAQ %FK>OPPLK � .>ABO �� 3NRFOB �� )KABBA EFP @>PB E>PMOLSFABA QOBJBKALRP FKPFDEQ FKQL QEB OLIB QE>Q QEB EFMML@>JMRP MI>VP FK QEB @LKPLIFA>QFLK LC KBT IB>OKFKDFKQL�BUMIF@FQ�JBJLOV�

#IFSB�7B>OFKD��>K�>@@LJMIFPEBA�JRPF@F>K��ILPQ�QEB�>?FIFQV�QL�CLOJ�KBT�JBJLOFBPTEBK�EFP�EFMML@>JMRP�T>P�A>J>DBA�QEOLRDE�FIIKBPP��#EB@H�LRQ�QEB�CFOPQ�CBTJFKRQBP�LC�QEFP documentary video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/wearing) CLO�>KFKQOLAR@QFLK�QL�QEFP�J>K�>KA�EFP�@LKAFQFLK�

MIDBRAIN AND HINDBRAIN STRUCTURES4EB midbrain FP @LJMOFPBA LC PQOR@QROBP IL@>QBA ABBM TFQEFK QEB ?O>FK ?BQTBBK QEB CLOB?O>FK >KA QEBEFKA?O>FK� 4EB reticular formation FP @BKQBOBA FK QEB JFA?O>FK ?RQ FQ >@QR>IIV BUQBKAP RM FKQL QEB CLOB?O>FK>KA ALTK FKQL QEB EFKA?O>FK� 4EB OBQF@RI>O CLOJ>QFLK FP FJMLOQ>KQ FK OBDRI>QFKD QEB PIBBM�T>HB @V@IB >OLRP>I �>IBOQKBPP �>KA�JLQLO�>@QFSFQV�

4EB substantia nigra ,>QFK CLO p?I>@H PR?PQ>K@Bq >KA QEB ventral tegmental area (VTA) >OB >IPL IL@>QBAFK QEB JFA?O>FK Figure 3.24� "LQE OBDFLKP @LKQ>FK @BII ?LAFBP QE>Q MOLAR@B QEB KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOALM>JFKB >KA ?LQE >OB @OFQF@>I CLO JLSBJBKQ� $BDBKBO>QFLK LC QEB PR?PQ>KQF> KFDO> >KA 64! FP FKSLISBAFK 0>OHFKPLKsP AFPB>PB� )K >AAFQFLK QEBPB PQOR@QROBP >OB FKSLISBA FK JLLA OBT>OA >KA >AAF@QFLK "BOOFADB��2L?FKPLK ��'>OAKBO ��'BLODB �,B�-L>I ��+LL? ��

LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/wearing

Figure 3.24 4EB�PR?PQ>KQF>�KFDO>�>KA�SBKQO>I�QBDJBKQ>I�>OB>��64!�>OB�IL@>QBA�FK�QEB�JFA?O>FK�

4EB hindbrain FP IL@>QBA >Q QEB ?>@H LC QEB EB>A >KA ILLHP IFHB >K BUQBKPFLK LC QEB PMFK>I @LOA� )Q @LKQ>FKPQEB JBARII> MLKP >KA @BOB?BIIRJ Figure 3.25� 4EB medulla @LKQOLIP QEB >RQLJ>QF@ MOL@BPPBP LC QEB>RQLKLJF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJ PR@E >P ?OB>QEFKD ?ILLA MOBPPROB >KA EB>OQ O>QB� 4EB TLOA MLKP IFQBO>IIVJB>KP p?OFADB q >KA >P QEB K>JB PRDDBPQP QEB pons PBOSBP QL @LKKB@Q QEB ?O>FK >KA PMFK>I @LOA� )Q >IPL FPFKSLISBA FK OBDRI>QFKD ?O>FK >@QFSFQV AROFKD PIBBM� 4EB JBARII> MLKP >KA JFA?O>FK QLDBQEBO >OB HKLTK>P�QEB�?O>FKPQBJ�

Figure 3.25 4EB�MLKP��JBARII>��>KA�@BOB?BIIRJ�J>HB�RM�QEB�EFKA?O>FK�

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Brain Dead and on Life Support

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WHAT DO YOU THINK?



Figure 3.26 !�#4�P@>K�@>K�?B�RPBA�QL�PELT�?O>FK�QRJLOP��>�4EB�FJ>DB�LK�QEB�IBCQ�PELTP�>�EB>IQEV�?O>FK��TEBOB>P�?�QEB�FJ>DB�LK�QEB�OFDEQ�FKAF@>QBP�>�?O>FK�QRJLO�FK�QEB�IBCQ�COLKQ>I�IL?B��@OBAFQ�>��JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V�!@BLCEB>OQP��7FHFJBAF>�#LJJLKP��@OBAFQ�?��JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V�2LI>KA�3@EJFQQ�BQ�>I

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Figure 3.27 !�0%4�P@>K�FP�EBIMCRI�CLO�PELTFKD�>@QFSFQV�FK�AFCCBOBKQ�M>OQP�LC�QEB�?O>FK��@OBAFQ��(B>IQE�>KA�(RJ>K3BOSF@BP�$BM>OQJBKQ��.>QFLK>I�)KPQFQRQBP�LC�(B>IQE

Techniques Involving Magnetic Fields)K magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) > MBOPLK FP MI>@BA FKPFAB > J>@EFKB QE>Q DBKBO>QBP > PQOLKDJ>DKBQF@ CFBIA� 4EB J>DKBQF@ CFBIA @>RPBP QEB EVAOLDBK >QLJP FK QEB ?LAVsP @BIIP QL JLSB� 7EBK QEBJ>DKBQF@ CFBIA FP QROKBA LCC QEB EVAOLDBK >QLJP BJFQ BIB@QOLJ>DKBQF@ PFDK>IP >P QEBV OBQROK QL QEBFOLOFDFK>I MLPFQFLKP� 4FPPRBP LC AFCCBOBKQ ABKPFQFBP DFSB LCC AFCCBOBKQ PFDK>IP TEF@E > @LJMRQBO FKQBOMOBQP >KAAFPMI>VP LK > JLKFQLO� Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) LMBO>QBP LK QEB P>JB MOFK@FMIBP ?RQ FQ PELTP @E>KDBP FK ?O>FK >@QFSFQV LSBO QFJB ?V QO>@HFKD ?ILLA CILT >KA LUVDBK IBSBIP� 4EB C-2)MOLSFABP JLOB ABQ>FIBA FJ>DBP LC QEB ?O>FKsP PQOR@QROB >P TBII >P ?BQQBO >@@RO>@V FK QFJB QE>K FP MLPPF?IB


FK 0%4 P@>KP Figure 3.28� 7FQE QEBFO EFDE IBSBI LC ABQ>FI -2) >KA C-2) >OB LCQBK RPBA QL @LJM>OB QEB?O>FKP LC EB>IQEV FKAFSFAR>IP QL QEB ?O>FKP LC FKAFSFAR>IP AF>DKLPBA TFQE MPV@ELILDF@>I AFPLOABOP� 4EFP@LJM>OFPLK�EBIMP�ABQBOJFKB�TE>Q�PQOR@QRO>I�>KA�CRK@QFLK>I�AFCCBOBK@BP�BUFPQ�?BQTBBK�QEBPB�MLMRI>QFLKP�

Figure 3.28 !K�C-2)�PELTP�>@QFSFQV�FK�QEB�?O>FK�LSBO�QFJB��4EFP�FJ>DB�OBMOBPBKQP�>�PFKDIB�CO>JB�COLJ�>K�C-2)��@OBAFQ��JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V�+FJ�*��->QQEBTP�.,��0>OH�3�

6FPFQ�QEFP virtual lab (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/mri) QL�IB>OK�JLOB�>?LRQ�-2)�>KAC-2)�

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Figure 3.29 5PFKD�@>MP�TFQE�BIB@QOLABP��JLABOK�%%'�OBPB>O@E�@>K�PQRAV�QEB�MOB@FPB�QFJFKD�LC�LSBO>II�?O>FK>@QFSFQFBP��@OBAFQ��3-)�%VB�4O>@HFKD

LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/mri

3.5 The Endocrine System

Learning Objectives

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Figure 3.30 4EB�J>GLO�DI>KAP�LC�QEB�BKAL@OFKB�PVPQBJ�>OB�PELTK�

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Athletes and Anabolic Steroids

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DIG DEEPER



action potential

adrenal gland

agonist

all-or-none

allele

amygdala

antagonist

auditory cortex

autonomic nervous system

axon

biological perspective

Broca’s area

central nervous system (CNS)

cerebellum

cerebral cortex

chromosome

computerized tomography (CT) scan

corpus callosum

dendrite

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

diabetes

dominant allele

electroencephalography (EEG)

endocrine system

epigenetics

Key Terms

BIB@QOF@>I�PFDK>I�QE>Q�JLSBP�ALTK�QEB�KBROLKsP�>ULK

PFQP�>QLM�LRO�HFAKBVP�>KA�PB@OBQBP�ELOJLKBP�FKSLISBA�FK�QEB�PQOBPP�OBPMLKPB

AORD�QE>Q�JFJF@P�LO�PQOBKDQEBKP�QEB�BCCB@QP�LC�>�KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO

MEBKLJBKLK�QE>Q�FK@LJFKD�PFDK>I�COLJ�>KLQEBO�KBROLK�FP�BFQEBO�PRCCF@FBKQ�LO�FKPRCCF@FBKQ�QLOB>@E�QEB�QEOBPELIA�LC�BU@FQ>QFLK

PMB@FCF@�SBOPFLK�LC�>�DBKB

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@LKQOLIP�LRO�FKQBOK>I�LOD>KP�>KA�DI>KAP

J>GLO�BUQBKPFLK�LC�QEB�PLJ>

SFBT�QE>Q�MPV@ELILDF@>I�AFPLOABOP�IFHB�ABMOBPPFLK�>KA�P@EFWLMEOBKF>�>OB>PPL@F>QBA�TFQE�FJ?>I>K@BP�FK�LKB�LO�JLOB�KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO�PVPQBJP

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?O>FK�>KA�PMFK>I�@LOA

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EBIFU�PE>MBA�JLIB@RIB�J>AB�LC�KR@IBLQFAB�?>PB�M>FOP

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OB@LOAFKD�QEB�BIB@QOF@>I�>@QFSFQV�LC�QEB�?O>FK�SF>�BIB@QOLABP�LK�QEB�P@>IM

PBOFBP�LC�DI>KAP�QE>Q�MOLAR@B�@EBJF@>I�PR?PQ>K@BP�HKLTK�>P�ELOJLKBP

PQRAV�LC�DBKB�BKSFOLKJBKQ�FKQBO>@QFLKP �PR@E�>P�ELT�QEB�P>JB�DBKLQVMB�IB>AP�QL�AFCCBOBKQMEBKLQVMBP


fight or flight response

forebrain

fraternal twins

frontal lobe

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

gene

genetic environmental correlation

genotype

glial cell

gonad

gyrus

hemisphere

heterozygous

hindbrain

hippocampus

homeostasis

homozygous

hormone

hypothalamus

identical twins

lateralization

limbic system

longitudinal fissure

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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M>OQ�LC�QEB�@BOB?O>I�@LOQBU�FKSLISBA�FK�OB>PLKFKD �JLQLO�@LKQOLI �BJLQFLK �>KA�I>KDR>DB�@LKQ>FKP�JLQLO�@LOQBU

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PQ>QB�LC�BNRFIF?OFRJo?FLILDF@>I�@LKAFQFLKP �PR@E�>P�?LAV�QBJMBO>QROB �>OB�J>FKQ>FKBA�>QLMQFJ>I�IBSBIP

@LKPFPQFKD�LC�QTL�FABKQF@>I�>IIBIBP

@EBJF@>I�JBPPBKDBO�OBIB>PBA�?V�BKAL@OFKB�DI>KAP

CLOB?O>FK�PQOR@QROB�QE>Q�OBDRI>QBP�PBUR>I�JLQFS>QFLK�>KA�?BE>SFLO�>KA�>�KRJ?BO�LCELJBLPQ>QF@�MOL@BPPBP��PBOSBP�>P�>K�FKQBOC>@B�?BQTBBK�QEB�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ�>KA�QEB�BKAL@OFKB�PVPQBJ

QTFKP�QE>Q�ABSBILM�COLJ�QEB�P>JB�PMBOJ�>KA�BDD

@LK@BMQ�QE>Q�B>@E�EBJFPMEBOB�LC�QEB�?O>FK�FP�>PPL@F>QBA�TFQE�PMB@F>IFWBA�CRK@QFLKP

@LIIB@QFLK�LC�PQOR@QROBP�FKSLISBA�FK�MOL@BPPFKD�BJLQFLK�>KA�JBJLOV

ABBM�DOLLSB�FK�QEB�?O>FKsP�@LOQBU

J>DKBQF@�CFBIAP�RPBA�QL�MOLAR@B�>�MF@QROB�LC�QEB�QFPPRB�?BFKD�FJ>DBA



medulla

membrane potential

midbrain

motor cortex

mutation

myelin sheath

neuron

neurotransmitter

occipital lobe

pancreas

parasympathetic nervous system

parietal lobe

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

phenotype

pituitary gland

polygenic

pons

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

prefrontal cortex

psychotropic medication

range of reaction

receptor

recessive allele

resting potential

EFKA?O>FK�PQOR@QROB�QE>Q�@LKQOLIP�>RQLJ>QBA�MOL@BPPBP�IFHB�?OB>QEFKD �?ILLA�MOBPPROB �>KA�EB>OQO>QB

AFCCBOBK@B�FK�@E>ODB�>@OLPP�QEB�KBROLK>I�JBJ?O>KB

AFSFPFLK�LC�QEB�?O>FK�IL@>QBA�?BQTBBK�QEB�CLOB?O>FK�>KA�QEB�EFKA?O>FK��@LKQ>FKP�QEB�OBQF@RI>OCLOJ>QFLK

PQOFM�LC�@LOQBU�FKSLISBA�FK�MI>KKFKD�>KA�@LLOAFK>QFKD�JLSBJBKQ

PRAABK �MBOJ>KBKQ�@E>KDB�FK�>�DBKB

C>QQV�PR?PQ>K@B�QE>Q�FKPRI>QBP�>ULKP

@BIIP�FK�QEB�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ�QE>Q�>@Q�>P�FKQBO@LKKB@QBA�FKCLOJ>QFLK�MOL@BPPLOP �TEF@E�>OB�BPPBKQF>ICLO�>II�LC�QEB�Q>PHP�LC�QEB�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ

@EBJF@>I�JBPPBKDBO�LC�QEB�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ

M>OQ�LC�QEB�@BOB?O>I�@LOQBU�>PPL@F>QBA�TFQE�SFPR>I�MOL@BPPFKD��@LKQ>FKP�QEB�MOFJ>OV�SFPR>I@LOQBU

PB@OBQBP�ELOJLKBP�QE>Q�OBDRI>QB�?ILLA�PRD>O

>PPL@F>QBA�TFQE�OLRQFKB �A>V�QL�A>V�LMBO>QFLKP�LC�QEB�?LAV

M>OQ�LC�QEB�@BOB?O>I�@LOQBU�FKSLISBA�FK�MOL@BPPFKD�S>OFLRP�PBKPLOV�>KA�MBO@BMQR>IFKCLOJ>QFLK��@LKQ>FKP�QEB�MOFJ>OV�PLJ>QLPBKPLOV�@LOQBU

@LKKB@QP�QEB�?O>FK�>KA�PMFK>I�@LOA�QL�QEB�JRP@IBP �LOD>KP�>KA�PBKPBPFK�QEB�MBOFMEBOV�LC�QEB�?LAV

FKAFSFAR>IsP�FKEBOFQ>?IB�MEVPF@>I�@E>O>@QBOFPQF@P

PB@OBQBP�>�KRJ?BO�LC�HBV�ELOJLKBP �TEF@E�OBDRI>QB�CIRFA�IBSBIP�FK�QEB�?LAV �>KA�>KRJ?BO�LC�JBPPBKDBO�ELOJLKBP �TEF@E�AFOB@Q�QEB�>@QFSFQV�LC�LQEBO�DI>KAP�FK�QEB�BKAL@OFKB�PVPQBJ

JRIQFMIB�DBKBP�>CCB@QFKD�>�DFSBK�QO>FQ

EFKA?O>FK�PQOR@QROB�QE>Q�@LKKB@QP�QEB�?O>FK�>KA�PMFK>I�@LOA��FKSLISBA�FK�OBDRI>QFKD�?O>FK�>@QFSFQVAROFKD�PIBBM

FKSLISBP�FKGB@QFKD�FKAFSFAR>IP�TFQE�>�JFIAIV�O>AFL>@QFSBPR?PQ>K@B�>KA�JLKFQLOFKD�@E>KDBP�FK�?ILLA�CILT�QL�AFCCBOBKQ�OBDFLKP�LC�QEB�?O>FK

>OB>�FK�QEB�COLKQ>I�IL?B�OBPMLKPF?IB�CLO�EFDEBO�IBSBI�@LDKFQFSB�CRK@QFLKFKD

AORDP�QE>Q�QOB>Q�MPV@EF>QOF@�PVJMQLJP�?V�OBPQLOFKD�KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO�?>I>K@B

>PPBOQP�LRO�DBKBP�PBQ�QEB�?LRKA>OFBP�TFQEFK�TEF@E�TB�@>K�LMBO>QB �>KA�LROBKSFOLKJBKQ�FKQBO>@QP�TFQE�QEB�DBKBP�QL�ABQBOJFKB�TEBOB�FK�QE>Q�O>KDB�TB�TFII�C>II

MOLQBFK�LK�QEB�@BII�PROC>@B�TEBOB�KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP�>QQ>@E

>IIBIB�TELPB�MEBKLQVMB�TFII�?B�BUMOBPPBA�LKIV�FC�>K�FKAFSFAR>I�FP�ELJLWVDLRP�CLO�QE>Q>IIBIB

QEB�PQ>QB�LC�OB>AFKBPP�LC�>�KBROLK�JBJ?O>KBsP�MLQBKQF>I�?BQTBBK�PFDK>IP


reticular formation

reuptake

semipermeable membrane

soma

somatic nervous system

somatosensory cortex

substantia nigra

sulcus

sympathetic nervous system

synapse

synaptic vesicle

temporal lobe

terminal button

thalamus

theory of evolution by natural selection

threshold of excitation

thyroid

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Wernicke’s area

JFA?O>FK�PQOR@QROB�FJMLOQ>KQ�FK�OBDRI>QFKD�QEB�PIBBM�T>HB�@V@IB �>OLRP>I �>IBOQKBPP >KA�JLQLO�>@QFSFQV

KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO�FP�MRJMBA�?>@H�FKQL�QEB�KBROLK�QE>Q�OBIB>PBA�FQ

@BII�JBJ?O>KB�QE>Q�>IILTP�PJ>IIBO�JLIB@RIBP�LO�JLIB@RIBP�TFQELRQ�>KBIB@QOF@>I�@E>ODB�QL�M>PP�QEOLRDE�FQ �TEFIB�PQLMMFKD�I>ODBO�LO�EFDEIV�@E>ODBA�JLIB@RIBP

@BII�?LAV

OBI>VP�PBKPLOV�>KA�JLQLO�FKCLOJ>QFLK�QL�>KA�COLJ�QEB�#.3

BPPBKQF>I�CLO�MOL@BPPFKD�PBKPLOV�FKCLOJ>QFLK�COLJ�>@OLPP�QEB�?LAV �PR@E�>P�QLR@E QBJMBO>QROB �>KA�M>FK

JFA?O>FK�PQOR@QROB�TEBOB�ALM>JFKB�FP�MOLAR@BA��FKSLISBA�FK�@LKQOLI�LC�JLSBJBKQ

MIRO>I��PRI@F�ABMOBPPFLKP�LO�DOLLSBP�FK�QEB�@BOB?O>I�@LOQBU

FKSLISBA�FK�PQOBPP�OBI>QBA�>@QFSFQFBP�>KA�CRK@QFLKP

PJ>II�D>M�?BQTBBK�QTL�KBROLKP�TEBOB�@LJJRKF@>QFLK�L@@ROP

PQLO>DB�PFQB�CLO�KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP

M>OQ�LC�@BOB?O>I�@LOQBU�>PPL@F>QBA�TFQE�EB>OFKD �JBJLOV �BJLQFLK �>KA�PLJB�>PMB@QP�LCI>KDR>DB��@LKQ>FKP�MOFJ>OV�>RAFQLOV�@LOQBU

>ULK�QBOJFK>I�@LKQ>FKFKD�PVK>MQF@�SBPF@IBP

PBKPLOV�OBI>V�CLO�QEB�?O>FK

PQ>QBP�QE>Q�LOD>KFPJP�QE>Q�>OB�?BQQBO�PRFQBA�CLO�QEBFOBKSFOLKJBKQP�TFII�PROSFSB�>KA�OBMOLAR@B�@LJM>OBA�QL�QELPB�QE>Q�>OB�MLLOIV�PRFQBA�CLO�QEBFOBKSFOLKJBKQP

IBSBI�LC�@E>ODB�FK�QEB�JBJ?O>KB�QE>Q�@>RPBP�QEB�KBROLK�QL�?B@LJB�>@QFSB

PB@OBQBP�ELOJLKBP�QE>Q�OBDRI>QB�DOLTQE �JBQ>?LIFPJ �>KA�>MMBQFQB

JFA?O>FK�PQOR@QROB�TEBOB�ALM>JFKB�FP�MOLAR@BA��>PPL@F>QBA�TFQE�JLLA OBT>OA �>KA�>AAF@QFLK

FJMLOQ>KQ�CLO�PMBB@E�@LJMOBEBKPFLK

Summary

3.1 Human Genetics'BKBP >OB PBNRBK@BP LC $.! QE>Q @LAB CLO > M>OQF@RI>O QO>FQ� $FCCBOBKQ SBOPFLKP LC > DBKB >OB @>IIBA>IIBIBPoPLJBQFJBP >IIBIBP @>K ?B @I>PPFCFBA >P ALJFK>KQ LO OB@BPPFSB� ! ALJFK>KQ >IIBIB >IT>VP OBPRIQP FKQEB ALJFK>KQ MEBKLQVMB� )K LOABO QL BUEF?FQ > OB@BPPFSB MEBKLQVMB >K FKAFSFAR>I JRPQ ?B ELJLWVDLRPCLO QEB OB@BPPFSB >IIBIB� 'BKBP >CCB@Q ?LQE MEVPF@>I >KA MPV@ELILDF@>I @E>O>@QBOFPQF@P� 5IQFJ>QBIV ELT >KATEBK > DBKB FP BUMOBPPBA >KA TE>Q QEB LRQ@LJB TFII ?BoFK QBOJP LC ?LQE MEVPF@>I >KA MPV@ELILDF@>I@E>O>@QBOFPQF@PoFP�>�CRK@QFLK�LC�QEB�FKQBO>@QFLK�?BQTBBK�LRO�DBKBP�>KA�LRO�BKSFOLKJBKQP�



3.2 Cells of the Nervous System'IF> >KA KBROLKP >OB QEB QTL @BII QVMBP QE>Q J>HB RM QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ� 7EFIB DIF> DBKBO>IIV MI>VPRMMLOQFKD OLIBP QEB @LJJRKF@>QFLK ?BQTBBK KBROLKP FP CRKA>JBKQ>I QL >II LC QEB CRK@QFLKP >PPL@F>QBATFQE QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ� .BROLK>I @LJJRKF@>QFLK FP J>AB MLPPF?IB ?V QEB KBROLKsP PMB@F>IFWBAPQOR@QROBP� 4EB PLJ> @LKQ>FKP QEB @BII KR@IBRP >KA QEB ABKAOFQBP BUQBKA COLJ QEB PLJ> FK QOBB�IFHB?O>K@EBP� 4EB >ULK FP >KLQEBO J>GLO BUQBKPFLK LC QEB @BII ?LAV� >ULKP >OB LCQBK @LSBOBA ?V > JVBIFK PEB>QE TEF@E FK@OB>PBP QEB PMBBA LC QO>KPJFPPFLK LC KBRO>I FJMRIPBP� !Q QEB BKA LC QEB >ULK >OB QBOJFK>I ?RQQLKPQE>Q�@LKQ>FK�PVK>MQF@�SBPF@IBP�CFIIBA�TFQE�KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP�

.BROLK>I @LJJRKF@>QFLK FP >K BIB@QOL@EBJF@>I BSBKQ� 4EB ABKAOFQBP @LKQ>FK OB@BMQLOP CLOKBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP OBIB>PBA ?V KB>O?V KBROLKP� )C QEB PFDK>IP OB@BFSBA COLJ LQEBO KBROLKP >OB PRCCF@FBKQIVPQOLKD >K >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I TFII QO>SBI ALTK QEB IBKDQE LC QEB >ULK QL QEB QBOJFK>I ?RQQLKP OBPRIQFKD FK QEBOBIB>PB LC KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP FKQL QEB PVK>MPB� !@QFLK MLQBKQF>IP LMBO>QB LK QEB >II�LO�KLKB MOFK@FMIB >KA

FKSLISB�QEB�JLSBJBKQ�LC�.>� >KA�+� >@OLPP�QEB�KBROLK>I�JBJ?O>KB�

$FCCBOBKQ KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP >OB >PPL@F>QBA TFQE AFCCBOBKQ CRK@QFLKP� /CQBK MPV@ELILDF@>I AFPLOABOP FKSLISBFJ?>I>K@BP FK > DFSBK KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO PVPQBJ� 4EBOBCLOB MPV@ELQOLMF@ AORDP >OB MOBP@OF?BA FK >K >QQBJMQQL ?OFKD QEB KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP ?>@H FKQL ?>I>K@B� $ORDP @>K >@Q BFQEBO >P >DLKFPQP LO >P >KQ>DLKFPQP CLO >DFSBK�KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO�PVPQBJ�

3.3 Parts of the Nervous System4EB ?O>FK >KA PMFK>I @LOA J>HB RM QEB @BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ� 4EB MBOFMEBO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ FP@LJMOFPBA LC QEB PLJ>QF@ >KA >RQLKLJF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJP� 4EB PLJ>QF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJ QO>KPJFQP PBKPLOV>KA JLQLO PFDK>IP QL >KA COLJ QEB @BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ� 4EB >RQLKLJF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJ @LKQOLIP QEBCRK@QFLK LC LRO LOD>KP >KA DI>KAP >KA @>K ?B AFSFABA FKQL QEB PVJM>QEBQF@ >KA M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@ AFSFPFLKP�3VJM>QEBQF@ >@QFS>QFLK MOBM>OBP RP CLO CFDEQ LO CIFDEQ TEFIB M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@ >@QFS>QFLK FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQEKLOJ>I�CRK@QFLKFKD�RKABO�OBI>UBA�@LKAFQFLKP�

3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord4EB ?O>FK @LKPFPQP LC QTL EBJFPMEBOBP B>@E @LKQOLIIFKD QEB LMMLPFQB PFAB LC QEB ?LAV� %>@E EBJFPMEBOB@>K ?B PR?AFSFABA FKQL AFCCBOBKQ IL?BP� COLKQ>I M>OFBQ>I QBJMLO>I >KA L@@FMFQ>I� )K >AAFQFLK QL QEB IL?BPLC QEB @BOB?O>I @LOQBU QEB CLOB?O>FK FK@IRABP QEB QE>I>JRP PBKPLOV OBI>V >KA IFJ?F@ PVPQBJ BJLQFLK >KAJBJLOV @FO@RFQ� 4EB JFA?O>FK @LKQ>FKP QEB OBQF@RI>O CLOJ>QFLK TEF@E FP FJMLOQ>KQ CLO PIBBM >KA >OLRP>I >P TBII >P QEB PR?PQ>KQF> KFDO> >KA SBKQO>I QBDJBKQ>I >OB>� 4EBPB PQOR@QROBP >OB FJMLOQ>KQ CLO JLSBJBKQ OBT>OA >KA >AAF@QFSB MOL@BPPBP� 4EB EFKA?O>FK @LKQ>FKP QEB PQOR@QROBP LC QEB ?O>FKPQBJ JBARII> MLKP >KA JFA?O>FK TEF@E @LKQOLI >RQLJ>QF@ CRK@QFLKP IFHB ?OB>QEFKD >KA ?ILLA MOBPPROB� 4EB EFKA?O>FK >IPL@LKQ>FKP�QEB�@BOB?BIIRJ �TEF@E�EBIMP�@LLOAFK>QB�JLSBJBKQ�>KA�@BOQ>FK�QVMBP�LC�JBJLOFBP�

)KAFSFAR>IP TFQE ?O>FK A>J>DB E>SB ?BBK PQRAFBA BUQBKPFSBIV QL MOLSFAB FKCLOJ>QFLK >?LRQ QEB OLIB LCAFCCBOBKQ >OB>P LC QEB ?O>FK >KA OB@BKQ >AS>K@BP FK QB@EKLILDV >IILT RP QL DIB>K PFJFI>O FKCLOJ>QFLK ?VFJ>DFKD�?O>FK�PQOR@QROB�>KA�CRK@QFLK��4EBPB�QB@EKFNRBP�FK@IRAB�#4 �0%4 �-2) �C-2) �>KA�%%'�

3.5 The Endocrine System4EB DI>KAP LC QEB BKAL@OFKB PVPQBJ PB@OBQB ELOJLKBP QL OBDRI>QB KLOJ>I ?LAV CRK@QFLKP� 4EBEVMLQE>I>JRP PBOSBP >P QEB FKQBOC>@B ?BQTBBK QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ >KA QEB BKAL@OFKB PVPQBJ >KA FQ@LKQOLIP QEB PB@OBQFLKP LC QEB MFQRFQ>OV� 4EB MFQRFQ>OV PBOSBP >P QEB J>PQBO DI>KA @LKQOLIIFKD QEB PB@OBQFLKPLC >II LQEBO DI>KAP� 4EB QEVOLFA PB@OBQBP QEVOLUFKB TEF@E FP FJMLOQ>KQ CLO ?>PF@ JBQ>?LIF@ MOL@BPPBP>KA DOLTQE� QEB >AOBK>I DI>KAP PB@OBQB ELOJLKBP FKSLISBA FK QEB PQOBPP OBPMLKPB� QEB M>K@OB>P PB@OBQBPELOJLKBP QE>Q OBDRI>QB ?ILLA PRD>O IBSBIP� >KA QEB LS>OFBP >KA QBPQBP MOLAR@B PBU ELOJLKBP QE>Q OBDRI>QBPBUR>I�JLQFS>QFLK�>KA�?BE>SFLO�

Review Questions


1. !K�========�FP�>�PRAABK �MBOJ>KBKQ�@E>KDBFK�>�PBNRBK@B�LC�$.!�

>� >IIBIB?� @EOLJLPLJB@� BMFDBKBQF@A� JRQ>QFLK

2. ========�OBCBOP�QL�>�MBOPLKsP�DBKBQF@�J>HBRM TEFIB�========�OBCBOP�QL�>�MBOPLKsP�MEVPF@>I@E>O>@QBOFPQF@P�

>� 0EBKLQVMB��DBKLQVMB?� 'BKLQVMB��MEBKLQVMB@� $.!��DBKBA� 'BKB��$.!

3. ========�FP�QEB�CFBIA�LC�PQRAV�QE>Q�CL@RPBP�LKDBKBP�>KA�QEBFO�BUMOBPPFLK�

>� 3L@F>I�MPV@ELILDV?� %SLIRQFLK>OV�MPV@ELILDV@� %MFDBKBQF@PA� "BE>SFLO>I�KBROLP@FBK@B

4. (RJ>KP�E>SB�========�M>FOP�LC�@EOLJLPLJBP�>� ��?� ��@� ��A� ��

5. 4EB�========�OB@BFSBP�FK@LJFKD�PFDK>IP�COLJLQEBO�KBROLKP�

>� PLJ>?� QBOJFK>I�?RQQLKP@� JVBIFK�PEB>QEA� ABKAOFQBP

6. !K�========�C>@FIFQ>QBP�LO�JFJF@P�QEB�>@QFSFQVLC�>�DFSBK�KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO�PVPQBJ�

>� >ULK?� 332)@� >DLKFPQA� >KQ>DLKFPQ

7. -RIQFMIB�P@IBOLPFP�FKSLISBP�>�?OB>HALTK�LC�QEB========�

>� PLJ>?� JVBIFK�PEB>QE@� PVK>MQF@�SBPF@IBPA� ABKAOFQBP

8. !K�>@QFLK�MLQBKQF>I�FKSLISBP�.>� JLSFKD

========�QEB�@BII�>KA�+� JLSFKD�========�QEB�@BII�

>� FKPFAB��LRQPFAB?� LRQPFAB��FKPFAB@� FKPFAB��FKPFABA� LRQPFAB��LRQPFAB

9. /RO�>?FIFQV�QL�J>HB�LRO�IBDP�JLSB�>P�TB�T>IH>@OLPP�QEB�OLLJ�FP�@LKQOLIIBA�?V�QEB�========KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ�

>� >RQLKLJF@?� PLJ>QF@@� PVJM>QEBQF@A� M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@

10. )C�VLRO�========�FP�>@QFS>QBA �VLR�TFII�CBBIOBI>QFSBIV�>Q�B>PB�

>� PLJ>QF@�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ?� PVJM>QEBQF@�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ@� M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJA� PMFK>I�@LOA

11. 4EB�@BKQO>I�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJ�FP�@LJMOFPBA�LC========�

>� PVJM>QEBQF@�>KA�M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@�KBOSLRPPVPQBJP

?� LOD>KP�>KA�DI>KAP@� PLJ>QF@�>KA�>RQLKLJF@�KBOSLRP�PVPQBJPA� ?O>FK�>KA�PMFK>I�@LOA

12. 3VJM>QEBQF@�>@QFS>QFLK�FP�>PPL@F>QBA�TFQE========�

>� MRMFI�AFI>QFLK?� PQLO>DB�LC�DIR@LPB�FK�QEB�IFSBO@� FK@OB>PBA�EB>OQ�O>QBA� ?LQE�!�>KA�#

13. 4EB�========�FP�>�PBKPLOV�OBI>V�PQ>QFLK�TEBOB>II�PBKPLOV�FKCLOJ>QFLK �BU@BMQ�CLO�PJBII �DLBP?BCLOB�?BFKD�PBKQ�QL�LQEBO�>OB>P�LC�QEB�?O>FK�CLOCROQEBO�MOL@BPPFKD�

>� >JVDA>I>?� EFMML@>JMRP@� EVMLQE>I>JRPA� QE>I>JRP

14. $>J>DB�QL�QEB�========�AFPORMQP�LKBsP�>?FIFQVQL�@LJMOBEBKA�I>KDR>DB �?RQ�FQ�IB>SBP�LKBsP�>?FIFQVQL�MOLAR@B�TLOAP�FKQ>@Q�



>� >JVDA>I>?� "OL@>sP�!OB>@� 7BOKF@HBsP�!OB>A� L@@FMFQ>I�IL?B

15. !K�========�RPBP�J>DKBQF@�CFBIAP�QL�@OB>QBMF@QROBP�LC�>�DFSBK�QFPPRB�

>� %%'?� -2)@� 0%4�P@>KA� #4�P@>K

16. 7EF@E�LC�QEB�CLIILTFKD�FP�KLQ�>�PQOR@QROB�LCQEB�CLOB?O>FK�

>� QE>I>JRP?� EFMML@>JMRP@� >JVDA>I>A� PR?PQ>KQF>�KFDO>

17. 4EB�QTL�J>GLO�ELOJLKBP�PB@OBQBA�COLJ�QEBM>K@OB>P�>OB�

>� BPQOLDBK�>KA�MOLDBPQBOLKB?� KLOBMFKBMEOFKB�>KA�BMFKBMEOFKB

@� QEVOLUFKB�>KA�LUVQL@FKA� DIR@>DLK�>KA�FKPRIFK

18. 4EB�========�PB@OBQBP�JBPPBKDBO�ELOJLKBPQE>Q�AFOB@Q�QEB�CRK@QFLK�LC�QEB�OBPQ�LC�QEB�BKAL@OFKBDI>KAP�

>� LS>OV?� QEVOLFA@� MFQRFQ>OVA� M>K@OB>P

19. 4EB�========�DI>KA�PB@OBQBP�BMFKBMEOFKB�>� >AOBK>I?� QEVOLFA@� MFQRFQ>OVA� J>PQBO

20. 4EB�========�PB@OBQBP�ELOJLKBP�QE>Q�OBDRI>QBQEB�?LAVsP�CIRFA�IBSBIP�

>� >AOBK>I?� MFQRFQ>OV@� QBPQFPA� QEVOLFA

Critical Thinking Questions

21. 4EB QEBLOV LC BSLIRQFLK ?V K>QRO>I PBIB@QFLK OBNRFOBP S>OF>?FIFQV LC > DFSBK QO>FQ� 7EV FP S>OF>?FIFQVKB@BPP>OV�>KA�TEBOB�ALBP�FQ�@LJB�COLJ�

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Personal Application Questions

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