Chapter 3The ConquistadoresSpanish soldiers on military expeditions

Hernando Cortes1485-1547

Spanish conquistadorFought the Aztecs and overthrew their empireClaimed Cuba and Mexico for SpainCortes became a hero in his homeland

Cortes Route

The Mighty AztecsThe first major American civilization to fall to the Spanish was that of the Aztecs. The Aztecs were a powerful nation that was still growing when the Spaniards appeared at the southern border of the Valley of Mexico.The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, was a splendid complex of cities, lakes, and canals that was the powerful center of Mesoamerican civilization.

Aztec spies learned that these men were called Spaniards. The news was immediately taken to Moctezuma II who was the Aztec emperor.

The Spaniards burned their ships and set off on horses to Tenochtitlan.Cortes set out from the Gulf Coast with 400 Spaniards, 16 horses, and several cannons. On his way to Tenochtitlan Cortes persuaded many enemies of the Aztec people to join him as he marched through their lands.

On November 8, 1519 Cortes began to fight with the Aztecs.Cortes took Moctezuma II hostage and tried to control the city of Tenochtitlan.

Moctezuma II told his people to make peace with the Spaniards.The Aztecs felt that Moctezuma was not a brave ruler so the Aztecs elected Cuitlahuac, his brother, as the new ruler. Moctezuma II was pelted with stones for continually begging the Aztecs to make peace with the Spaniards. Moctezuma II fell and the Spaniards carried him back to the palace. Moctezuma died a few days later; it is not known whether he died of his wounds or was killed by the Spaniards, to whom he was no longer of any use.

The new Aztec leader, Cuitlahuac, was an experienced warrior who had always been opposed to the Spaniards.Cortes decided to retreat but during this retreat the Spaniards loss many soldiers. After regrouping and reinforced largely by Aztec enemies, the Spanish returned to Tenochtitlan in 1521.

The Spanish and their allies blockaded the city, denying the Aztecs food and water. An outbreak of small pox further weakened the citys defenders. Cortes finally pushed his way into the city and burned all of the Aztec buildings so that hardly a trace of the city remained.Chicago, 2007

FYISmall-pox is extremely contagious; roughly one-third of the population will die from it. Van der Zeijst: This is why we produced another 20 million doses of smallpox vaccines in 2002.

The Spaniards had won. The Aztec capital was destroyed on August 31, 1521. The final attack of Tenochtitlan was led by the Spaniards who had 400 men with 150,000 native allies. They had returned to destroy Tenochtitlan house by house and built Mexico City on top of the destroyed city.

Francisco Pizarro1478-1541

Spanish conquest 1532Wanted fame and fortunePeru, South AmericaConquered Incan empire for their gold

Pizarros Route

BackgroundEmpire extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from northern border of modern Ecuador to Maule River in central Chile Inca originated in village of Paqari-tampu, about 15mi south of Cuzco Official language: Quecha

Road system strictly controlled by governmentTribes controlled by the Incas were severely taxed and harvest were collected yearlyThis caused great resentment toward the Incasrituals included forms of divination, sacrifice of humans and animals

November 16, 1532: Atahualpa captured by Spaniards, offered gold for his freedom.Pizarro accepted more than 11-20 tons of gold ($6 million+) baubles, dishes, icons, ornaments, jewelry, & vases, but never released Atahualpa.July 26, 1533: Atahualpa was killed

Ponce De Leon1460-1521

Found Gulf streamSailed with Chris Columbus in 1513Went to the BahamasSearched for Fountain of YouthFound the west coast of Florida in 1513

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca(literally meaning cows head)A survivor from Narvaez, traveled with Estavanico to TexasOne of few conquistadors to learn from natives and treat them with respectThese travels encourage de Soto and others to search for the riches of the New World

Hernando de Soto1500?-1542

Ruthless, the first European to cross North Carolina, ALABAMA, and Mississippi

the first European to explore Florida in 1539

Died near the mouth of the Mississippi

De Sotos Route

Francisco Coronado 1510-1554

Spanish explorerIn 1540 left for Mexico City looking for fame fortuneSEVEN CITIES OF GOLD ??? CIBOLALed by Estevanico (de Vacas traveling companion)

First to find the Grand Canyon Expedition was called a failure in 1542

Coronados Route

Juan Rodriguez CabrilloClaimed for Spain the Western coast of present day California

Section 2Spanish AmericaAmerican Empire was ruled by the Council of the IndiesViceroyalty of Peru (South America)Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico and North America)

Council of the IndiesWrote laws, selected officials and judgedViceroyalty of PeruSouth America

Viceroyalty of New SpainCentral America, Mexico, US

These new empires made a tremendous amount of $$$ for SpainFrom 1503-1660200 tons of gold 18,600 tons of silver

3 kinds of settlementsPueblos- business centersMissions- to convert the Natives to CatholicismPresidios-military forts

Bartolome de Las CasasHad a problem with the encomienda systemThe Indians were taxed or enslaved

Franciscans tried to lighten the burden on the Indians, but the settlers and government refused to give up the profitable arrangement, and in any case, the friars themselves placed heavy demands on the pueblos to support the missions. Still, some changes brought by the Spanish were beneficial.

To make money off the natives, the Spanish sold them into slavery to work the plantations in the CaribbeanThis too was a failure and the deaths of the Natives continued

In 1598 a party led by Juan de Onate came to New Mexico to plant a permanent colony. Agriculture too proved difficult in the harsh climate. Relations with the Indians soured when the soldiers attempted to collect tribute to the Crown. Spain finally concluded that New Mexico would never be profitable. However, the Pope had charged the Spanish Crown with Christianizing the natives of the New World. Pope led a revolt against the Spanish that lasted only a short time- Spanish regained control

Pope- Pueblo uprisingAugust, 1680, when disputes having arisen between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities, the Indians broke into rebellion, destroyed the missions and the religious archives, and murdered twenty-one of the thirty-three Franciscans as well as several hundred colonists.

El Camino Real Royal RoadWas created to connect the Spanish settlementsToo far apart- the settlements were hard to govern or protectThe main goal of Spain was to continue to Christianize the nativeAlthough the wealth of Mexico and South America was not found in this new territory

PeninsularesSpaniards born in SpainCriollosBorn in Americas to SpanishMestizosBorn to Spanish and American IndiansColonial Society

Section 3Religious and Political Changes in Europe

Martin Luther

The Catholic Church in 1500The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in EuropeMass performed in Latinin charge of education and held the monopoly on informationheld a great deal of propertyCorruption in the Church

Luthers Problems with the Catholic ChurchLuther had two major problems with the Catholic church:IndulgencesJustificationOther problems communion, services in Latin, celibacy among the clergyRole of Scripture

Henry VIII joins the Protestant movementThough he and Catherine of Aragon had been married twenty years, Henrys obsession with creating a male heir made him seek an annulment of his marriage.Cardinal Wolsey tried to obtain Pope Clement VIIs permission, but was unable.Henry created the Reformation Parliament in 1529

Henry VIII

Henrys WivesCatherine of Aragon (1509-1533)Anne Boleyn (1533-1536)Jane Seymour (1536-1537)Anne of Cleves (1540)Catherine Howard (1540-1542)Katherine Parr (1543-1547)

SuccessionThe Act of Succesion (1544)Henry gave the crown to his only surviving son, EdwardEdward was the first Protestant monarch to rule England. In the event of a death without children, Edward was to be succeeded Mary, his daughter by his first wife.If Mary did not have children, she was to be succeeded Elizabeth, his daughter by his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Finally, if Elizabeth also did not have children, she was to be succeded by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor

Queen Mary marries Philip of SpainWhile Mary is married to Philip, Elizabeth is placed in the Tower of LondonDuring this time, Spain persecutes the Protestants of the NationBloody Mary

Mary I Cont.Mary hung nearly 100 rebels and arrested Elizabeth. She was imprisoned in the Tower of London. After she took care of the rebels who plotted against her life, she decided that England should return back to its original religious state Roman Catholicism. She burned, hung, imprisoned anyone who was deemed a heretic (a person who practiced Protestant faith.) In all about 275 people died.

Mary I Cont.Mary died when she was 58 from a ovarian cyst. Before she died, she named Elizabeth as her successor. Mary had hoped Elizabeth would keep England as a Catholic country, but many others rallied behind Elizabeth to return England to its Protestant state.

Elizabeth IWhen Elizabeth was crowned queen, she restored England to its Protestant state. She did not marry, even though the country wanted her to. There isnt one reason why she didnt marry and there is much speculation as to why she didnt. During Elizabeths reign, the arts flourished among other things. Some call her reign a Golden Age.

Re-Establishing ProtestantismAfter Elizabeth was named Queen, she re-established the Protestant Church in England.She herself believed in toleration of all religions.She was often forced to take a harsher stance on punishment of Catholics because of the schism between the two sects.There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith all else is a dispute over trifles.

Elizabeth did not have the sea power of Spain but she used Sea Dogs like Sir Francis Drake to attack Spanish ships and bring England the richesThe Spanish Armada attacked England The Armada outnumbered but the English vessels were new so they could fire from a greater distance

The Fall of SpainThe Armadas defeat was a block to the great empireThe money that poured into Spain caused the prices of goods to riseThe inflation ruined the economy of the nationThe Spanish also became dependent on imported goods and no longer had a favorable balance of trade

Section 4The Race for EmpiresReligious wars were occurring throughout EuropeHuguenots, seeking religious freedom, formed settlements in FloridaThose settlements were destroyed by Spanish The true beginning of French society in the new world started in Canada

French settlementsIn Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and parts of Maine were settled in 1604 (Jamestown was settled in 1607)The Great Lakes were essential to the exploration of the FrenchThe French wanted to TRADE with the Indians and not remove them from the land

The Great Lakes to the MississippiLouis Jolliet and Marquette first headed down the great riverBUT it was Rene-Robert de La Salle that traveled the river all the way to the Gulf of MexicoThe region was named Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV of France

Indian AlliesThe French did not threaten the Indians like the Spanish or the soon coming BritishThey enjoyed the commercial value of the nativeThe French intermarried and found allies with the Algonquian and Huron Indians of the Northeast region

Beginning of New Netherland1621 Dutch West India Company sets up a trading company - New Netherland1624 Sent 30 families to settleNew Amsterdam center of new colonyLocated on Manhattan Island1626 Peter Minuit, governor of colony, buys land for about $24Grows slowlyNo real reason to move thereTheir country was prosperous and tolerant of religionsPeter Minuit

Recruiting settlersWelcomes all people in New EnglandGave large tracts of land to anyone who brought 50 settlersRiverfront propertyPatroons ran land as they chose; own lawsNew Sweden EstablishedFur Trade brought settlers from Sweden1638 New Sweden formed near Wilmington, DelawareDutch view New Sweden as a rival1655 Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherland, seized New Sweden

Roanoke Island (Lost Colony)Sir Walter Raleigh asked Queen Elizabeth of England if he could lead a group of people to begin a colony in the USA. Queen Elizabeth gave Raleigh a charter (a document that allowed colonists to live on land owned by their country.)Picture Credit: http://www.huvard.com/becka/raleigh/welcome.html

Roanoke Island (1st Time)In 1585, the first English people tried to begin a colony. This became the 1st English colony in the USA.It failed due to hunger and bad relations with the Native Americans. All but 15 men went back to England on a ship.

Roanoke Island (2nd Time)In 1587, Raleigh sent colonists a second time.The 15 men that had stayed behind the 1st time had been killed by then. John White was the colonys governor. This time, the colonist brought their wives and children. John Whites granddaughter, Virginia Dare was born 1 month after they arrived in the USA on August 18 the first English baby born in the USA. Picture Credit:http://search.eb.com/women/articles/Dare_Virginia.html

Spanish ArmadaIn 1588, King Philip II decided to attack England. The English defeated the all powerful Spanish Armada because they had quicker ships and a violent storm helped destroy the Spanish ships.

Picture Credit:http://www.nmm.ac.uk/adventure/games/armada/page2.htm#

The Lost ColonyJohn White returned in August 1590 to find no colonists on Roanoke Island.On one of the trees was written CROATOAN.Croatoan was the name of an island nearby as well as the name of the Native Americans living in the area. Picture Credit:http://www.outer-banks.com/lost.cfm

***************Inca: South American Indians ruled Tawantinsuyu (Incan name of empire) that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from northern border of modern Ecuador to Maule River in central Chile*Polytheistic religion- Pantheon headed by Inti-the sun god, also included Viracocha-a creator god and culture hero, Apu Illapu-rain god, special attendants chosen womenPeople offered food, clothing, drink to guardian spirits; gods linked to forces of nature; each month own festival

*****************Indulgences:Indulgences are ways to get out of punishment in Purgatory. In the Catholic Church, even after going to the priest for absolution at confession, people enter Purgatory after they die. Purgatory is neither Heaven nor Hell, but a place of temporary punishment where souls go before entering Heaven. Indulgences were suppose to shorten that time in Purgatory by prayers or good works. However, by 1500, indulgences were abused and turned into cash donations to the Church. Rich people gave lots of money for forgiveness of past and future sins. Basically, indulgences became a fundraising activity for the Catholic Church. John Tetzel, a notorious priest who offered Indulgences had a slogan: As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from Purgatory springs.

Justification:The Catholic Church believes that in order to be saved, i.e., go to Heaven, a person had to do good works, go through the seven sacraments, etc. However, Luther came to the conclusion that because God is perfect, nothing we do can ever be good enough for God. So, instead, he came to the conclusion that it was not by good works that we earn Gods favor, but by believing and trusting in God.

Communion: Transubstantiation vs. ConsubstantiationThe Catholic Church believes that during communion, which recreates the Last Supper, the bread and wine become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, made possible by the priest.

Protestants believe in consubstantiation, that Jesus is present during communion, but the bread and wine are only symbolic of the Last Supper.Clement was indebted to the Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and nephew of Catherine, Henrys wife-Henry spent much of his energy in his social life in the courts, marrying six times in total.This Act gave Mary and Elizabeth the titles of Princess, whereas before, they had been Ladies.-Although she re-established Protestantism, Elizabeth had no problem with Catholics believing whatever they wanted to, as long as they obeyed er as Queen-in this way, she was a realpolitique