Chapter 3
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Transcript of Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
Reading between the Lines: Making Accurate Inferences
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Objectives• You now begin to see implications in your
reading. You will practice inferences with material of varying levels of difficulty including:– Facts and inferences– Inferences defined– Problems with inferences– Using evidence to make inferences– Making open-ended inferences– Making inferences in textbook material– Making inferences in literature– Making inferences with visual material
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Facts and Inferences
• What is the difference?– A fact is a verifiable piece of
information• It can be duplicated, measured,
confirmed in other sources, demonstrated, or proved.
– Inferences are derived from facts.
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Definition of Inferences
• "A statement about the unknown based on the known."
• We read between the lines.• We connect facts to make
sense of the situation when no explanation is offered or a future course of action.
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Practice Exercise 1
• Do Exercise 1 found on pp. 80-81
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Practice Exercise 1 answers
1. ? There is no evidence that there was a thief.2. ? Are the college teacher and the professor the same
person?3. T There is an exact statement in the story that proves
this to be true.4. ? There is no mention of the examination being or not
being picked up by someone.5. ? We don't know if anyone picked up the examination.6. ? We don't know who turned off the lights.7. ? We don't know if the professor was a man or a
woman8. ? We don't know who ran down the corridor.9. F The drawer was opened.10. ? There could have been three or four people: We
don't know if the professor and the college teacher were the same person.
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Problems with Inferences
• We may make assumptions that get in the way of making accurate inferences.
• We may not read carefully enough or pay close enough attention to new vocabulary.
• We may indulge in stereotyping. This problem is particularly evident in question 7, if we incorrectly infer that a professor is more likely to be a man than a woman.
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Using Evidence to Make Inferernces
• To make accurate inferences, consider carefully the writer’s words which are not written but surely intends by what he or she writes
evidence
The justification for inferenceWARNING: Do not read beyond what is suggested or
implied
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Using Evidence to Make Inferernces
An inference must be tied to the evidence.
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Using Evidence to Make Inferernces
How might inferences be identified?
1.Probably accurate (PA) – Based on facts presented
2.Probably inaccurate (PI)– Misstates or distorts the facts
3.Not in the passage– Insufficient evidence or no
information
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Activity found on pp. 82-84
• On the basis of the evidence in the paragraph of p. 82, identify the inferences. Then, study the author’s explanation for her responses.
• Likewise, do p. 83-84
• Now, test yourself and do Practice Ex. 2 on pp. 84-87
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Practice Ex. 2, pp. 84-87, answers
2. PA3. NP
D.b
A.1. PA2. PI3. PA4. NP5. PI
B. 1. B2. B3. D
C.1. PI
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Making Open-Ended Inferences
How good is your judgment?– Making open-ended inferences
asks you to draw your own inferences and state them in your own words.
– Making the correct inference depends on your understanding of what you read
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Making Inferences in Textbook Material
• Textbooks are the perfect example of expository writing whose purpose is to inform and to present information.
• However, don’t read blindly!
Check your understanding of inferences by labeling the inferences on pp. 91-92.
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Making Inferences in Textbook Material
• Answers to the inferences from pp. 91-92.
1. PA2. NP3. PI4. PA5. PA6. PA7. PI
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Making Inferences in Literature
• Inferences are made in literature, too.– When the reader delves into the
character’s mind and into the significance of his/her actions, inevitably, inferences are made by the reader.• What makes the character act the
way he does?• Assessing the relationship of the
character to his surroundings
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Making Inferences with Visual MaterialCartoons
– The careful reader must piece essential elements together in order to make connections
– They mold public opinion
Graphs and Charts– Data is presented succinctly and in a
readable format• To reinforce and clarify complex material
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Making Inferences with Visual Material
Now respond to the questions on pp. 100-101 regarding unemployment
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Making Inferences with Visual Material
Answers to questions on pp. 100-101:
1. Operators, fabricators, and laborers2. African-Americans 16-193. Unemployment is a chronic problem4. The more education one has the more likely he
or she is to be employed during recessions. The ratio is a little more than 3 to 1.
5. Limiting the statistics to those over 25 means that only full-time adult workers are included. Including people under 25 would distort the results, since they would be high school and college students who might not work full-time.