CHAPTER 3 (48) THE INVESTIGATIVE METHOD. STARTING POINTS 1. State the problem 2. Form the hypothesis...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 3 (48) THE INVESTIGATIVE METHOD. STARTING POINTS 1. State the problem 2. Form the hypothesis...
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CHAPTER 3 (48)
THE INVESTIGATIVE
METHOD
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STARTING POINTS
• 1. State the problem
• 2. Form the hypothesis
• 3. Observe and experiment
• 4. Interpret the data
• 5. Draw conclusions
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INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS
STATE THE PROBLEM Who, what, when, where, why, how FORM THE HYPOTHESIS Establish Motive, Means, Opportunity OBSERVE AND EXPERIMENT Evaluate hypothesis, reject if needed Interpret results Identify suspect
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INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS (Cont.)
• DRAW CONCLUSIONS
Stated problem answered
Evidence support of hypothesis
Ethics considerations
Evidence adequate for prosecution
EFFECT ARREST, RECOVER PROPERTY
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EVIDENCE/HYPOTHESIS
• ALWAYS LET YOUR EVIDENCE DEIVE YOUR HYPOTHESIS!!!!!
• YOUR HYPOTHESIS MUST CHANGE • WHEN EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE• CHANGE!!!!!
• THE HYPOTHESIS MUST NEVER DRIVE THE INVESTIGATION!!!!!
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HYPOTHESIS
• Construct an explanation for occurrence
Why this type and particular target?
How knew locations of valuables?
WHO HAD MOTIVE, MEANS , AND
OPPORTUNITY?
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MOTIVE
• That which causes a person to act in a certain way.
• Monetary gain is the most likely.
• Murder: Ask who would benefit.
• Arson: Ask who would benefit.
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MEANS
• Capability of committing the crime
• Who has the tools?
• Who has the knowledge?
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OPPORTUNITY
• Who was present that could have committed the crime?
• What was the victim doing that could have put him/her into contact with the offender?
Suspect out of town or in jail
Suspect has an alibi
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OTHER PHASES
• Observation and experimentation
• Testing hypotheses
• Interpreting data
ALL THESE ARE SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH THE OTHER PHASES
PUZZLE-Number of pieces? Lack of pieces? Final picture?
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GUILTY OR NOT
• Inculpatory evidence serves to prove guilt
• Exculpatory evidence clears or exonerates
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LEGAL GUIDELINES
• Evidence- Anything properly admissible in court that will aid the function of a criminal proceeding in establishing guilt.
• Admissible means that it can be legally
• used in court. Inadmissible means that it cannot be legally
used in court
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CIRCUMSTANTIAL
• The more physical evidence the better.– You never have all you need– If there is anything else, get it.
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TYPES OF EVIDENCE
• DIRECT EVIDENCE Will normally prove a fact without other
support. Testimonial
INDIRECT EVIDENCEAll physical evidence is CIRCUMSTANTIAL. It puts the suspect at the crime scene. It does not prove guilt in itself.
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PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
• Real evidence, physical, tangible items• May be trace evidence- forensic, needs
analysis • Fingerprints• Hairs• Fibers• Blood• DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid
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SUITABILITY
• EVIDENCE MUSTBE COMPETENT
• Has qualities that make it trustworthy or reliable. Question who is reliable?
• RELEVANT
• Relates directly to the case
• MATERIAL
• Logical connection and helps find truth
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EXCLUSIONARY RULE
• Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court. Applies to violations of Constitutional rights
Weeks v. US
Mapp v. Ohio
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EXCEPTIONS
• HEARSAY
• Confessions to an investigator
• Dying declarations
• Res Gestae statements
• Judicial notice
• Testimony of a female under 14 yr. who is a victim of a sex crime
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RULE OF DISCOVERY
• Allows the defendant, through his attorney, to examined documents, reports and other information in possession of the police or prosecution
• Prosecution must give up everything
• Lose your case in a suppression hearing
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PROBABLE CAUSE
• 4th Amendment• ARREST- A reasonable person would
believe that a crime has or will be committed and the person to be arrested committed or will commit the crime.
• SEARCH- A reasonable person would believe that a crime has or will be committed and evidence of the crime will be found in the place to be searched
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SEARCH WARRANT
THREE PARTS
AFFIDAVIT
WARRANT
RETURN
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EXCEPTIONS
• REQUIRES SAME PROBABLE CAUSE
• WARRANTLESS SEARCH IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL ON ITS FACE
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EXCEPTIONS
• Exigent circumstances
• Stop and frisk • Search incident to arr
est
• Custodial • Plain view • Vehicle • Border
• Open fields • Abandoned property • Consent • Administrative • Probation search • Protective sweep
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BURDEN OF PROOF
• CRIMINAL CASE- Beyond a reasonable doubt- continuous demonstration of guilt
• 99+ percent sure
• CIVIL CASE- A preponderance of the evidence- whoever has the best case
• 50+ percent sure
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CORPUS DELICTI
• “BODY OF THE CRIME”- The fact necessary to prove that a crime was committed.
• All the essential ELEMENTS of an offense constitute the “corpus delicti”
• Investigator must know all the elements of every crime and be able to prove each beyond a reasonable doubt
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PHASES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
• PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
• IN-DEPTH INVESTIGATION
• CONCLUDING INVESTIGATION
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PRELIMINARY
• Offense determined• Suspect arrest if he is
on scene• Protect crime scene• Victims and witnesses
identified
• Basic statements taken
• Crime scene processed- by investigator
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IN-DEPTH INVESTIGATION
• Preliminary inv. Data re-examined
• Crime scene re-visited
• Additional crime scene processed- May need to get another search warrant
• All victims and witnesses interviewed
• Documents processed
• Facts and evidence gathered
• Criminalistics arranged- forensic work
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CONCLUDING INVESTIGATION
• Case is suspended
• Case is prepared for prosecution
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CLEARANCE RATES
• VIOLENT CRIMES
• Murder 61%
• Aggravated assault 54%
• Forcible Rape 41%
• Robbery 25%
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CLEARANCE RATES
• PROPERTY CRIMES
• Burglary 13%
• Larceny-theft 17%
• Motor vehicle theft 13%
• Arson 17%
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SUCCESSFUL INVESTIGATIONS
• 1. Are there witnesses?
• 2. Is there a suspect?
• 3. Can police locate the suspect?
• 4. Is there a description (photo)?
• 5. Can police make identification?
• 6. Can a suspect vehicle be identified?
• 7. Is stolen property traceable?
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SUCCESSFUL INVESTIGATION
• 8. Is there a clear modus operandi (MO)?
• 9. Is there significant physical evidence?
• 10. Is there a positive report of physical evidence by a trained investigator?
• 11. Is it reasonable to expect the case to be cleared?
• 12. Is it likely that anyone but the suspect committed the crime?
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IN-DEPTH/ CONCLUDING INVESTIGATION
• SEE P. 62 IN TEXT FOR ACTIVITIES OF THE IN-DEPTH INVESTIGATION
• SEE P. 63 IN TEXT FOR ACTIVITIES OF THE CONCLUDING INVESTIGATION
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ARREST/ PROSECUTION
• SEE P.64 FOR THE TYPICAL OUTCOME OF 100 FELONY CRIME INVESTIGATIONS
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SEARCH WARRANT
• SEE SEARCH WARRANT EXAMPLE