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FIRST EUROPEAN CONTACTS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS

THE tROQUO|S CONFEDERACY

1. Political and linguistic differences hindered Native Americansas they attempted to respond to the threat posed by theEuropean colonists.

2. The lroquois Confederacy was the most important andpowerful Native American political alliance. lt successfullyended generations of tribal warfare.

TRADE AND THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

1 . The exchange of foods, plants, animals, and diseasesbetween the Europeans and Native Americans is known asthe Columbian Exchange.

2. Native Americans who interacted with the English becameincreasingly dependent on the fur-and-hide trade.

3. European diseases such as smallpox, influenza, and measlesdecimated the population of Native Americans.

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NATIVEAMERICANS AND ENGLISH SETTLERS

1. Similarities included the following:) Both lived in village communities.) Both shared o strong sense of spirituality.) Both divided lobor by gender.

) Both depended on agriculturol economies.

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2. Differences included the following:) Native Americons did not shore the English concept of

privote property.

) Native American children were often part of theirmother's clon.

THE PLANTATION COTONIES

A. THE VIRGINIA COMPANY

1. This was a joint-stock company.

2. The primary goal was to make a profit.

3. Religious motivation was much less important than in thefounding of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode lsland, andMassachusetts.

B. TOBACCO

1 . The introduction of tobacco cultivation made the Britishcolonies in the Chesapeake region economically viable.

2. By the mid-1 700s, tobacco was the most valuable cash cropproduced in the Southern states.

THE PTANTATION COTONIES AND THE GROWTH OF

STAVERY

A. FROM SERVITUDE TO SLAVERY IN THE CHESAPEAKEREGfON, "1607-"1690

1. lndentured servants played a key role in the growth of thetobacco plantation system in Virginia and Maryland. Theywere the chief source of agricultural labor in both of thesecolonies before 1675.

2. Planters in Virginia and Maryland used the "headright" systemto encourage the importation of indentured servants. Whoeverpaid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire 50acres of land. Masters thus enjoyed the benefits of this system.

L The number of slaves increased dramatically in the last(ilr(rrl(,r of tlte seveltteetttlr century.

Coloniol Americo, 1 492-l 7 54

4. Slave labor in colonialVirginia spread rapidly in the lateseventeenth century, as Blacks displaced White indenturedservants in the tobacco fields.

BACON'S REBELLION, "1676

1. Bacon's Rebellion exposed tensions between the formerindentured servants, who were poor, and the gentry (thegenteel class of planters), who were rich.

2. As planters became more suspicious of their formerindentured servants, they turned to slaves as more reliablesources of labor.

GROWTH OF PLANTATION ECONOMIES AND SLAVEsoctETtEs, "l 690-',7 54-1.

Slavery developed and spread because the cultivation oftobacco required inexpensive labor.

2. Slavery was legally established in all 13 colonies by theearly '1700s.

3. Although enslaved, Africans maintained cultural practicesbrought from Africa

4. Rice was the most important crop grown in South Carolinaduring the mid-eighteenth century.

5. The Stono Rebellion (1739) was one of the earliest knownacts of rebellion against slavery in America. lt was organizedand led by slaves living south of Charleston, South Carolina.The slaves tried to flee to Spanish Florida, where they hopedto gain their freedom.

THE PURITANS

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A. KEY FACTS

1. The Puritans came to New England in family groups. Theywanted to escape political repression, religious restrictions,and an economic recession.Their leader was John Winthrop.The Puritans typically lived in small villages surrounded byfarmland.

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Ihc Puritans believed irr the necessity for a trainccl andeducated ministry. They founded Harvard College andYale C<-rllege to ensure an adequate supply of ministers.

,,A CITY UPON A HILL"

1. lohn Winthrop called on the Puritans to build a modelsociety, which he referred to as "a city upon a hill."

2. The Puritans had a powerful sense of mission-to build an

ideal Christian society.

3. The Puritans created a model Christian society with a strictcode of moral conduct. For example, Puritans banned thetheater.

4. Here is the full quote from Winthrop's famous sermon, in

which he defined the purpose of the Puritan colony:

"For we must consider that We shall be as a city upon a hill.The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall dealfalsely with our Cod in this work we have undertaken, and so

cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be

made a story and a by-word through the world."

THE PURITANS AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

1. The Puritans immigrated to America for religious freedom.However, they did not tolerate religious dissent or diversity.

2. Not everyone shared Winthrop's vision. Both AnneHutchinson and Roger Williams were expeiled for challengingthe Puritan authorities.

ANNE HUTCHINSON

1. She is best known for her struggle with the MassachusettsBay authorities over religious doctrine and gender roles.

2. Hutchinson challenged clerical authority and claimed to havehad revelations from God.

3. Massachusetts Bay officials banished Hutchinson to Rhodelsland. She later moved to New York, where she and all butone of her children were killed by lndians.

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Ftw Amcrlcans can ldcntlfy Anne llutchlnson. She ls mosffroqucntly remembered by New York motorlsts drlvlng anthe Hutchlnson Rlver Porkwoy ond by tourists who odmireher stotue In front of the Boston statehouse, Hutchinson is anoteworthy example of o dissident who chollenged the earlyPurltans. APUSH test writers sdmire dissidents and think youshould know about them.

E. ROGER WILTIAMS

1. Roger Williams founded Rhode lsland.

2. He advanced the cause of religious toleration and freedom ofthought.

3. He believed that the state was an improper and ineffectualagency in matters of spirit.

THE HALF-WAY COVENANT

1. As time passed, the Puritans' religious zeal began to diminish.2. The Half-Way Covenant eased requirements for church

membership by allowing the baptism of the children ofbaptized but unconverted Puritans.

THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING

1. Key points to remember about the First Creat Awakening:) lt took the form of a wove of religious revivols thot

begon in New Englond in the 1730s.

) The wove soon swept ocross all the colonies during the1 740s.

2. A key consequence was that "New Light" ministersadvocated an emotional approach to religious practice; thisweakened the authority of traditional "Old Light" ministersand established churches.

3. New Light ministers did the following:) Promoted the growth of New Light institutions of higher

leorning, such os Princeton

) Sparked o renewed missionory spirit thot led to theconversion of many Africon slaves

) Led to a greoter oppreciation for the emotionolexperiences of faith

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Led to divisions within both the Presbyterian ondCongregational churches, resulting in growing religiousdiversity

Led to the growing popularity of itinerant ministers

Led to an increose in the number of women in churchcongregotions (Women became the moiority in monychu rch con g reg atio n s.)

It is easy to sllaw the First 6reat Awakening to slip aff yaurAPUSH rsdsr screen. Don't let thot happen. The First 6restAwakening hos appeared on five of the six APUSH releqsed

tests. Pqy speclal attentian to reviewing ffie consequencesof the First 6reat Awakening

PENNSYTVANIA AND THE QUAKERS

A. PENNSYLVANIA

t. fne colony was founded by William Penn.

2. Penn created an unusually liberal colony, which included a

representative assembly elected by the landowners.

3. Pennsylvania granted freedom of religion and did not have astate-su pported chu rch.

B. QUAKERS

1. Quakers were pacifists who refused to bear arms.

2. Quakers advocated freedom of worship and accepted a

greater role for women in church services.

3. Quakers opposed slavery and were among America's firstabolitionists.

COLONIAT SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF THEREVOLUTION

A. KEY FEATURES

1. Northern merchants and Southern planters amassedgreat wealth. Nonetheless, colonial society did not have ahereditary aristocracy.

Colonial America, 1 492-l 7 54

2. The number of non-English settlers continued to increase. Forexample, Scotch-lrish and Cerman immigrants moved intoAppalachia as the Native Americans were defeated.

3. The 13 colonies were religiously diverse. As a result of thisreligious pluralism, there was no single dominant Protestantdenomination.

4. Slavery was generally accepted as a labor system. Theinstitution was legally established in all of the colonies.

5. Colonial cities functioned primarily as mercantile centersfor collecting agricultural goods and distributing importedmanufactured goods. Most colonial cities were ports thatmaintained close economic and cultural ties with England.

MERCANTILISM AND THE NAVIGATION ACTS

1. Mercantilism was England's dominant economic philosophyduring the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

2. The goal of mercantilism was for England to have a

favorable balance of trade. To achieve this goal, thecolonies were expected to export raw materials andimport finished goods.

3. Mercantilism was designed to protect English industry andpromote England's prosperity.

4. The Navigation Acts were part of the British policy ofmercantilism. They listed colonial products that could beshipped only to England.

5. The mercantilist system led to the subordination of thecolonial economy to that of the mother country.

6. The North American colonies took advantage of CreatBritain's policy of salutary neglect to work out tradeagreements so they could acquire needed products fromother countries.

WOMEN IN COLONIAL AMERICA

1. During the colonial period, a woman usually lost control ofher property when she married.

During that period, a married womanidentity apart from her husband.

During that period, single women andlo own property.

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.i:.... D. REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT/REPUBLICANISM..:'.:.

1. Republicanism is the belief that government should be based,,tr...,,,,,. on the consent of the governed.';t:,:t:, 2. Republicanism inspired eighteenth-century American

..:,1:,.,' revolutionaries.,11",,,",, 3. Key principles include the following:.: ,.)a:::,.,:::,: ) Sovereignty comes from the people. Representotioni;,,,,',,tt shoutd therefore be opportioned, based on population.

:";;',,': ) A republic is preferoble to o monarchy becouse it would'',,

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E. COLONIAL LITERATURE

1 . Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) was the first notable Americanpoet and the first woman to be published in colonialAmerica.

2. Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784) was the first published AfricanAmerican poet. F{er writing helped create the genre ofAfrican American literature.

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THE ROAD TO REVOTUTION

A. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, "1754_1763

1 . As a result of the French and lndian War, France relinquishedits North American empire. England now dominated lands

east of the Mississippi, as well as parts of Canada.

2. The French and lndian War was a pivotal point in America'srelationship with Creat Britain, because it led Creat Britain toimpose revenue taxes on the colonies.

THE PROCLAMATION OF'1763

1. The Proclamation of 1763 forbade British colonists to cross

an imaginary boundary along the crest of the AppalachianMountains.

2. The primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763 was toavoid conflict between the trans-Appalachian lndians andBritish colonists seeking inexpensive land.

STAMP ACT, "1765

1. The act's primary purpose was to raise revenue to supportBritish troops stationed in America.

2. The issues raised were these:

) Does Parliament have the right to tax the colonies?

) Can Porliament truly reflect coloniql interests?

3. A debate was provoked over the issue, "no taxation withoutrepresentation."

4. The act was important for the following reasons:

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) The colonists demonstroted their willingness to useviolence rother thon legol means to frustrote Britishpolicy.

I The British maintoined thqt the colonies hod no right toindependence from parliamentary outhority.

) Patriot leaders cloimed that the act denied them theirBritish birthrights.

I Many colonists believed they were entitled to ollthe rightsond privileges of British subjects.

5. The act was repealed because of a colonial boycott of Britishexports.

THE COERC'VE ACTS,1774

1. The Coercive Acts were Parliament's angry response to theBoston Tea Party.

2. They were designed to punish Massachusetts in general andBoston in particular. Massachusetts lost many of its charteredrights, and the Port of Boston was closed until damagescaused by the Tea Party were paid.

"coMMoN SENSE," 1776

1. "Common Sense" was a political pamphlet written byThomas Paine.

2. The pamphlet was a strongly worded call for independencefrom Creat Britain.

3. Paine opposed monarchy (he called King Ceorge a pharaoh!)and strongly favored republican government.

4. Paine offered a vigorous defense of republican principles.5. Paine's words helped overcome the loyalty many still felt for

the monarchy and the mother country.6. Paine used biblical analogies and references to illustrate his

arguments.

ENLIGHTENMENT

1. Enlightenment is an eighteenth-century philosophy stressirrt;that reason can be used to improve the human condition.

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Enlightenment thinkers, such as Thomas lefferson, stressed

the idea of natural rights-an idea that can be seen clearly in

the second paragraph of the Declaration of lndependence:

"We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are

created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator withcertain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty,and the pursuit of happiness."

Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were representativeexamples of American Enlightenment thinkers.

G. DEISM

Deism is the belief that Cod created a universe that is

governed by natural law.

These natural laws can be discovered by the use of humanreason.

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 1776

1. The authors of the Declaration of lndependence used thephilosophy of natural rights, derived from the writings of

lohn Locke.

2. The authors appealed to the sympathies of the English

people.

3. They accused Ceorge lll of tyranny.

THE REVOTUTIONARY WAR, 1776_1781

A. REASONS COLONISTS SUPPORTED THE WAR

The colonists believed that Ceorge lll was a tyrant.

They believed that Parliament wanted to control the internal

affairs of the colonies without the consent of the colonists.

They were convinced that British ministers and othergovernment officials had a corrupting influence on thecolonists.

They wanted greater political participation in policiesaffecting the colonies.

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They resented the quartering of British troops in colonialhomes.

They wanted to preserve their local autonomy and way of lifefrom British interference.

THE FRENCH-AMERICAN ALLIANCE AND THE BATTLE OFSARATOCAV 1777

1. The Battle of Saratoga was important because it convincedthe French government to declare war on Creat Britain andopenly aid the American cause.

2. French military and financial assistance played a key role inenabling America to win the Revolutionary War.

3. French leaders were not motivated bi a commitment torepublican ideals. Their primary motivation was to weakenthe British Empire.

4. The French-American Alliance influenced the British to offergenerous peace terms in the Treaty of Paris.

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APUSH test writers rarely osk questions about bottles, butthe Battle of Sorotoga is on exceptian. Although you ore notexpected to know the military tactics o;r commanders, you areexpected to know fhe consequences of fhis pivotal battle.

C. THE TREATY OF PARIS, 1783

1. The treaty established America's new boundaries. The UniteclStates stretched west to the Mississippi, north to the CreatLakes, and south to Spanish Florida.

2. America agreed that Loyalists would not be furtherpersecuted.

FROM THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION TO THECONSTITUTION

A. THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

1. The writers of the Articles of Confederation were cautiousabout givinq the new government powers tlrey had lust<ft 'rtit'rl Parli.rrnt'rtt.

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2. Weaknesses in the Articles included the following:

I A lack of outhoritY to tox

) A lack of authority to exercise outhority directly over the

stotes

3. The most important accomplishment was the NorthwestOrdinance of 1787. That ordinance did the following:

) Provided for the orderly creation of territorialgovernments and new states (Ohio was the first state-odmitted

to the I'Jnion from the Northwest Territory')

) Excluded slavery north of the Ohio River

) Supported Public educotion

SHAYS' REBELLION, "1786

1. The rebellion was sparked by the economic frustrations of

Massachusetts farmers who were losing their farms because

they could not pay debts in hard currency.

2. The leaders of Shays' Rebellion sought these changes:

) An end to farm foreclosures

) An end to imPrisonment for debt

) Relief from oppressively high toxotion

) Increosed circulotion of paper moneY

3. The leaders of Shays' Rebellion did not attempt to overthrow

the government of Massachusetts.

4. Shays, Rebellion helped convince key leaders that the Articles

of ionfederation were too weak and that the United States

needed a stronger central government.

THE TEDERAL CONSTITUTION

1. The Constitution was the result of a series of compromises

that created a government acceptable to large and small

states, as well as to free and slave states.

2. The following provisions were in the Constitution, as

submitted to the states in 1787:

) The separation of powers, which orgonizes the notionol

government into three bronches

) The outhority of Congress to declore war

) A guorontee of the legolity of slavery

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) The creation of on Electoral College to sofeguard thepresidency from direct popular election

) Provision for impeachment of the President

) Provision for the presidential Stote of the Union messoge

) Provision for rotifying the Constitution

) Federolism

) A bicomeral legislature, os created by the CreatCompromise

) Enumerotion of the powers of Congress

) The Three-Fifths Compromise (Slaves counted os three-fifths of a person for purposes of representotion ondtaxation.)

The following provisions were nof in the Constitution, as

submitted to the states in 1787:) A two-term timit for presidents

) Universol manhood suffroge

) A presidentiol cabinet

) Guorantees of freedom of speech ond of the press(odded in the Billof Rights)

) The right to o speedy and public triol (odded in the Bill

of Rights)

) The idea of political parties (The framers opposedpoliticol parties. They believed thot politicol partiespromoted selfish interests, caused divisions, ond thusthreatened the existence of republicon government.)

APUSH test writers aften qualify their qu$tlons an thaConstltutlon with the phrsse, "as ratified in 1788 "Remember, the Bill of RightJ wss not pf,rt of the Constitatiin,as:rotiffud in 1788, As o result, gudrantees of freedom ofspeech ond press were not psrt of the Constitutian when it wosiotified. Alwoys reod eoch question corefully, paying speciolqttention to qualifying phrases.

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THE FEDERALIST PAPERS, 1787

1. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison wrote the FederalistPapers (sometimes known as The Federalist) to supportratification of the Constitution of 1787.

2. The prevailing conventional wisdom was challenged whenMadison and Hamilton asserted that a large republic offeredthe best protection of minority rights. "ln an expandingRepublic," wrote Madison, "so many different groups andviewpoints would be included in the Congress that tyrannyby the majority would be impossible."

ANTI-FEDERALISTS

1. Those opposed to federalism feared that a strong centralgovernment would become tyrannical.

2. Opponents of federalism did the following:) Drew support primarily from rural oreos

) Argued that the President would hove too much power) Feared that Congress would levy heovy toxes

I Feared thot the government would raise o stondingarmy

) Believed thot the new notional government wouldoverwhelm the states

) Argued that individuol rights needed to be protected

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