Chapter 3-1. Crisis of Socio-Political Development

Mweong-Mi?

Prof. Jin-Wan Seo, Ph.D.

Department of Public Administration

University of Incheon, KOREA

http://prof.incheon.ac.kr/~sjinwan

Crises in Socio-Political Development

1. Identity crisis

2. legitimacy crisis

3. Participation crisis

4. Penetration crisis

5. Integration crisis

6. Distribution crisis

1. The Identity Crisis

• Definition: Recognition of their natural territory as being their true homeland (fundamental issue for Nation-Building)

• Causes: Cleavages by tribes, caste, ideology, religion, ethnic, and linguistic groups.

 

• Views:

– Pluralism: conveys a variety of cultural segments in the same political unit.

– Equilibrium model: intermediate grouping (Kornhauser) or overlapping membership (D. Truman); U.S.A.

– Conflict model: different segments, kept together by force of the external agency (Furnwell) -- the end of colonialism meant rise of original cleavages in Africa, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Lebanon

– Modernization vs. Political Development:

modernization often makes cleavages pronounced, conflict deeper. However, patron client within/between segment is also important.

2) The Legitimacy Crisis

• Definition: the problem of achieving agreement about legitimate nature of authority and the proper responsibilities of government.

 

• Cause- Constitutional problems

- role of military, bureaucracy: - term and recruitment of president

- the primary goals of national effort

- order vs. freedom

- economic first vs. democracy first

- stability vs. change

- economic stability vs. religion (the spirit of Islam)

- colonial legacy

- ruler's personal background

- corruption

- abuse of power

- nationalist vs. internationalist

 

• - Origin of Legitimacy (M. Weber): Tradition; Charisma; Legality & Rationality

3)The Participation Crisis

• Political participation: activity by private citizens designed to influence governmental decision making.

• One dimension of political participation concepts becomes crisis when the influx of new participants creates serious strains on the existing institutions.

• Cause: - social mobilization (education, communication., urban economy)

- emergence of interest groups & the formation of pol. parties

- manipulated mass organizations & demonstration politics (mobilized participation)

• Means- electoral activity: voting turn out- lobbying; organization activity

- individual contact with public officials

- mass media communications, political parties

- Violence

- riots, military coups, assassination, guerilla war, terrorism, eventually revolution- frequency & intensity: Developing > Developed > Traditional

• Why:- rife-raff theory; ban man

- return to killer instinct theory

- relative deprivation theory

- no institutions to substitute violence to participation

4)The Penetration Crisis

• Definition: the problems of government in reaching down into the society and effecting basic policies

• This is pronounced when the rulers seek to accelerate the pace of economic development & social change; essential for development.

– the gap between ruler & ruled, wide

– development oriented vs. parochial

– dictatorial vs. participants

– official language vs. dialects

5)The Integration Crisis

• Definition: the problems of relating popular politics (interest groups parties) to governmental performance (input output)

6)The Distribution Crisis

• Definition: the problems of relating distribution of goods, services, and values to the public