CHAPTER - 1shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9111/7/07_chapter 2.pdfThe area consists of...
Transcript of CHAPTER - 1shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9111/7/07_chapter 2.pdfThe area consists of...
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STUDY AREA
The present study was conducted around Jayant opencast coal mines, Northern
coal limited in the singrauli coal fields between 240
05’ 55’’ to 240.11” N lattitudes, 82
0
38’10’’ to 820 40’45’’ E longitudes and elevation of 300-500 m above MSL.
The Singrauli region is the south eastern part of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh, India, is one of the most polluted industrial sites of Asia. It encompases 11 open
cast coal mine and six thermal power station that generate about 7,500 MV (about 10% of
India installed generation capacity).
The Singrauli coal fields cuts across the state boundaries of Uttar Pradesh out of
its total area of about 2202 Sq Km, approximately 80 Sq Km in the North east falls in the
Sonebhadra district of U.P., while the major part of the Gondwna basin in included in the
sidhi and Shahdol district of M.P. The state boundary between U.P. and M.P. runs along
the Balia Nala to the west and along the road connecting paratawar and Belawalia to the
South (Ahmad, F. 1955)
The Singrauli coal field has acquired 19352 hectare of land out of which 9508,
2716 and 6150 hectare are forest, government and tenacy land respectively.
JAYANT OPEN CAST COAL MINE
Mining of coal at Jayant was started in 1976 with average stripping ratio of 1:2.60
having coal reserve of 348.93 million metric tons and overburden materials of 831.9
million m3.
TOPOGRAPHY & DRAINAGE
The area consists of high plateau with an elevation ranging between 483 m and
646 m above MSL. The coal field in located in the drainage area of Son and Rihand
rivers. The area is traversed by a number of stream which are mostly seasonal and flow,
to their full capacity during rainy season. The area belongs to the major lithological unit
of Barakar formation of Permian age. The barker formation mainly consist of medium to
coarse grained, light grey, pink and white arkose with some thick coal seams and their
interband of shale and pink colour clays.
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COMMUNICATION
Singrauli (Morva) located within the coal field is connected by all weather roads
with waidhan (22km) on the South and Satna (307 km) in the west. Singrauli in also
connected by road with pipri (40 km) Renukoot (50 km), Mirzapur (193 km) and
Varanasi (210 km) in the east in U.P., And all weather roads also skirts around the
eastern part of the coal field from Aundi to Jayant project via Kota (Shaktinagar). The
coal field has been connected by rail with the opening of Chopan-Katni line. The nearest
railway station for North eastern part of the coal field, which is the centre of present
mining activities, is (Morwa) Singrauli.
Table-2.1
Climatological date of study area (Average of 3 year 2006-2008)
Months Average Temperature
(ºC)
Rainfall
(mm)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
Wind
Speed
(Kmhr-1
)
Predominant
wind direction
Max Min
January 21.3 13.1 5.1 35.5 5.5 SE, E
February 25.5 17.7 2.6 36.0 7.2 SE
March 35.0 22.6 22.4 50.5 8.0 SW
April 40.5 28.0 12.2 40.2 8.7 SW, W
May 44.5 33.4 4.6 30.4 10.5 W, SW
June 42.0 32.5 170.0 61.2 12.6 W, NW
July 31.6 30.0 329.5 80.0 8.8 NW, SE, SW
August 35.5 27.5 273.5 69.8 8.5 NW, SE, SW
September 37.1 26.3 770.0 87.5 8.6 SW, NW
October 29.4 22.1 131.0 70.0 4.9 SE, SW
November 24.3 18.5 4.8 39.3 4.3 SW, SE
December 19.5 14.8 3.9 37.9 3.3 SE, E
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CLIMATE
The coal field experiences a tropical mansoon type of climate, though the winter
are rather cold, the summer temperature often shoot up 450
C ever in the shade, however,
the night are pleasantly cool even on the day when the temperature are high. The area
enjoys a rather heavy monsoon and annual rain falls varies between 125 cm and 150 cm.
Climatologically, the area is characterized as tropical into a mild winter.
(November – February), a hot summer (April – June) and a warm rainy season (July –
September).
The average climatologically data of the area from 2007-2008 are given in table –
2.1 Average minimum temperature ranged from 13.10C to 33.4
0C and average maximum
temperature from 19.50C
to 44.5
0C. Maximum temperature was recorded during may
(44.50C) and minimum during January (13.1
0C). The rain fall in the area varied between
2.6 mm to 770.0 mm during different month from 2006 to 2008. Maximum rain falls was
recorded in the month September (770.0 m) and minimum in February (2.6) Relative
Humidity varied between 30.4% to 87.5% was recorded in the month of September and
minimum of 30.4 in the month of may. Wind speed in the area varied between 3.3 to
12.6. Maximum wind velocity was recorded during summer followed by rainy and
minimum during winter season. Maximum wind speed of 12.6 was recorded in June and
minimum of 3.3 in December. During summer the prominent wind direction were W,
S/W and NW during winter E and SE and during rainy season NE, SE and SW (Fig. –
2.1).
VEGETATION
The ground, especially the elevated areas in mostly covered with open forest of
Kendu, Mohua Biza, Amla and Palash, while the flat terrain in deforested for cultivate
and mining operation. The natural vegetation is tropical dry – deciduous type dominated
by Shorea robusta, Gartn, Boswellia serrta Roxb. ex coleber, Largestromia parisflora
R.oxb., Wrightia tomutosa, Butea monosperma Lemark and Angogeissum latifolia.
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PLANTATION
The natural vegetation of the area is tropical mixed deciduous type. Due to
continuous mining activity large scale deforestation has occurred in the region. Attempts
have been made, however to develop green belts in open areas. Plantation of exotic as
well as indigenous plant species have been raised along the road sides and on overburden
to develop green patches of exotic plant species such as Eucalyptus hybrid Pryor and
Johnson, Cassia siamea Lamk., Accasia auriculiformis, A. cunn., Casurina equiestofolia
, Casuarina equisetofolia J. R. and G. Frost, Gravellia pteridifolia R. Br. and Native plant
species Azadirachta indica A. Jun. Albizia lebback Benth., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.,
Mangifera indica, Albizzia proccerra have over been on over burden along the road side
and in green belts. Jayant coal mine has 656.3 hectare of green belt area. Tree plantation
to check air born dust and to attenuate noise level. A total of 98.5 lakh (approx) tree have
been planted in the Jayant project till 2006 – 2008 out of which 11.5area 4.97 lakh in coal
bearing area and rest is residential location.
GENERAL GEOLOGY AND SOIL
The singrauli coalfield lies at the northern extremely of the Son- Mahanandi
master gondwana basin, which stretches from the east coast to the heart of peninsular
India. The Singrauli series consisted of a triangular patch of land lying between the
Rihand and Deohar Rivers. The nature of the parent material is carboniferous. The rocks
belong to Raniganj stage and consisted of fine to coarse grained feldspethic sand and
stones white and gray clays with ferruginous bands, carbonaceous shales and coal seams.
The coal seam formation belongs to the paleozoic epoch and falls in the Damudas series
of the lower Gondwana field being 230 million years old.
The Jayant project area is almost centrally situated in the north eastern part of the
coal field. The Barakars form a plateau with an escarpament in the south along which the
Turra seam sandstone exposures are abundant and the soil cover is generally thin on the
top of the plateau. Based an the data of the drilling dam by the IBM and CMPDI, Ranchi,
India, the following sequences of rocks has been established in the Jayant project area
from surface to downwards.
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JAYANT – BLOCK
The generalized sequence of the coal Seam here is given below: and also in Fig. –
2.2. The Jayant block is located in the middle part of the moher Sub basin in and in
between latitude 2406’ 45” & 24
011’25” and latitude 82
036’40
0 & 82
0 41’ 15”.
Table 2.6
The overburden above these coal seams generally consists of soil and sub soil
clay, sand stone, and few bands of gray shales and sandy shales and rarely carbonaceous
shales (CFRI 1975). The soil of the area are shallow, leached, residual sandy loam,
reddish to reddish brown ultisols mainly derived from Kaimur sand stones (Dhandraul
orthoquartizite) the soils on the steep slopes are poor and light coloured, but on the gentle
slopes and valleys are thick and dark coloured. Generally soil is poor in N and P contents
and mildly acidic to calciferous in reaction. Details of physicochemical properties of
native forests soil and fresh mine spoils are given in Table No. (2.2, 2.3 and 2.4). Native
forests soil as well as fresh mine spoils have ph values of 6.5 and 6.40 respectively native
forest soil contains 60.0. sand 32.0% silt 8.0 % clay wheras fresh mine spoil has more
amount of sand 87.30 and lesser amount of silt. 8.20 and clay 2.50 nutritionally the fresh
mine spoil in poor than that of native forest soil. Heavy metal concentration are high in
fresh mine spoil as compared to native forest soil.
Rock type strata Thickness is meter
Soil and Sub soil 0 – 3
Sand stone and Shale 65.50
Purewa top seam 2.62 to 10.83
Parting sand stone 17.83 to 32.59
Purewa Bottom seam 5.98 to 12.66
Parting sand stone 52.17 to 59.90
Tura Seam 13.34 to 20.32
Coal (Kota top seam) 1.75 to1.96
Parting sand stone 28.04 to 29.50
Coal (Kota bottom seam) 0.76 to 1.15
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Table-2.2
Physics Properties of Native Forest soil and forest mine soil
Parameter Forest Forest mine soil
Texture (%)
Sand 60.0 87.30
Silt 32.0 8.20
Clag 8.0 2.50
Bulk Density qucm-3
1.15 1.45
Water Holding Capacity % 53.43 25.00
Moisture Content 14.5 6.83
Porosity 56.60 45.28
pH 6.5 6.40
Table- 2.3
Selected Chemical Characters of Native Forest Soil and Forest Mine spoil.
Parameter Forest Soil Fresh Mine Spoil
Organic carbon (%) 1.13 0.46
Total N (%) 0.253 0.028
Total P (mg g-1
) 6.8 2.25
Exchangeable Ca (mg g-1
) 2.33 3.95
Exchangeable K (mg g-1
) 0.43 0.10
Exchangeable Na (mg g-1
) 0.038 0.43
Exchangeable Mg (mg g-1
) 0.49 0.13
Mineral –N (mg g-1
) 17.6 0.95
Available –P (mg g-1
) 35.5 12.3
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Table - 2.4
Selected Heavy metals of native forest soil and Forest mine spoil (mg g-1
)
Parameter Forest Soil Fresh Mine Spoil
Nickel 1.31 4.80
Cromium 3.30 12.2
Lead 1.50 7.00
Cadmium 0.86 4.43
Maganers 18.53 48.5
Zinc 493.5 920.46
Table-2.5
Characterization of monitoring site.
Zone Zone/Site
Name
Direction Description
A S1 SE, E, SW Working places in the mine, where actual mining
operation such as drilling, crushing, handling,
transportation and excavation etc are done. This site
includes the entire area of overburden where
plantation is developed. This zone considered
highly Pollution generating source.
S2 S This zone occupies the area along the road side
where heavy duty vehicles ply for transportation of
coal. The area around narrow roads where light
vehicle ply also included in this zone. This zone
may be considered of pollution generating source.
B S3 S This site is more close to the road where a number
of transport vehicle stop. In this zone plantation
have been developed. This zone may be considered
as mining sites of non dust generating nature in the
area.
C S4 SE This is primarily a residential locality mainly with
office building day garden and a small market.
D S5 NW This site is 30 km north west from the mining area
covered with thicket forest.
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BIOTIC AND INDUSTRIAL STRESSES IN THE AREA
The whole area is under heavy biotic and industrial stresses. A continuous
increase in the population growth has led to an increased dependence on forest resources,
consequently leading to rapid deforestation in the region, and the forest land get
converted into agricultural fields. Apart from the obvious aesthetic degradation of land
and the loss of the forest, soil erosion in a potential problem in the area. Deforestation
and removal of ground cover have led to serious soil erosion problem.
Surface mining, for coal results in the dumping of huge amounts of overburden
materials in the adjacent unmined land, leading to land degradation and serious dust
pollution problem. The loose unvegetated overburden dumps are major source of dust in
the surrounding specially during dry periods. The mining operations such as blasting,
removal of earth materials. Digging, transportation, dumping and loading of coal
substantially increase the amount of toxic substantially in the environment.
Apart form coal mines there are several coal-fired thermal power plants which
also contribute to air pollution problem in the area.
The present study was conducted in the areas affected by Jayant opencast coal
mine. Surface mining in characterized under fungitive sources of pollution for the
purpose of the present study, the whole area was divided in to four zones and five major
sites. (Figure no - 2.3) and (Table no. – 2.5) The two major site (S1 & S2) comes into
ZONE I ‘A’ and other zone namely B, C and D have one major site (S3, S4 and S5). For
each major site three micro sites were selected on basis of identical activities location of
different study sites are shown in Figure (2.3). Characterization of monitoring sites of air,
soil and plant performances in detailed in Table (No.2.5). Air monitoring was done at all
major sites.
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