Chapter 2.Mooring

Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book and seminar the students should be able to: recognise and use correctly the words and expressions related to mooring; translate a text on mooring giving the correct Romanian equivalents to the words and expressions related to the topic in question; construct a dialogue between the master of the ship and the pilot about the conditions of mooring.

1. Ships make fast to a wharf either alongside or stern to. When approaching a berth ships must proceed at slow speed. On deck, heaving lines and mooring ropes, as well we fenders, should be ready for use. The anchors must be ready to let go.

At an appropriate distance from the berth the engine is stopped and the ship’s headway is used to bring her alongside the wharf. This headway should be just enough to keep the ship moving ahead without losing steerage way.

If a ship has too much headway, it should be stopped by backing the ship with the engine or by letting the anchor go. As a matter of fact, only the off-shore anchor is dropped and then a heaving line is passed ashore. A head-rope, a bow spring and two breast lines are run out from the ship and secured to bollards ashore.

Working on these lines, as well as on the stern rope and stern spring which are also run out in due time, the ship is hove into her berth and made fast.

After the ship is secured in her berth, rat-guards should be placed on all the lines. For permanent moorings wire ropes are preferred to ordinary fiber ropes.

All the mooring lines should be constantly watched, as the change of weather or rise and fall of tide can make the lines either too taut or too slack and this will necessitate from time to time veering them in or out. In stormy weather the ships secured in their berths usually have to double up fore and aft.

Dialogue 1C= Captain; P= Pilot

C: Is taking a tug compulsory here?P: No, it is not compulsory, but it is advisable, and I shall tell you why. There are several strong currents in the harbour and as there is a lot of traffic now, it is pretty difficult to manoeuvre in congested waters.C: Will the tug take us only into the port or will she bring the ship alongside the wharf?P: Yes, the tug will work the ship into her berth.C: At what berth shall we moor?P: We shall moor at berth No. 17C: We will need a 15 ton crane to discharge heavy-lifts.P: Your agent must have been informed about it as there is a 15ton crane at the berth.C: That’s good. Which side shall we make a landing?P: We will make a starboard side landing.

Dialogue 2C = Captain; P = PilotC: So, where are we going to berth?P: Do you see. Sir, a vacant place between the two big tankers tied up stern to?

C: Do you mean those two big tankers over there with streamlined funnels?P: Yes, that’s what I mean, and that’s where we should now steer for.C: There isn’t too much space there anyhow, but still enough to get the ship moored alongside. What is the depth alongside the berth?P: The depth is five fathoms, Sir.C: Is the bottom even there?P: No, there must be a little hump some 30 yards from the wharf, as the bottom was recently dredged.C: Which side shall we go alongside?P: We will go along starboard side.C: Shall we drop an anchor?P: Yes, Sir. We shall drop the port anchor.

Dialogue 3

P: The ship has too much headway. Sir, I think it’s time to back her.C: Slow astern! Helm a-port! You Know, she swings her bow to starboard on backing.P: I see, Now, Sir, give her a little swing to port. Steady so! Is your port anchor ready?C: The port anchor is ready. Stand by the port anchor.P: Let go the port anchor, Sir.C: Let go the port anchor! Veer out the cable handsomly! Send on shore the bow spring P: That’s right, Sir. We must get the bow in first.C: Yes, now we can heave the ship alongside.P: I think, Sir, you must now steer the stern a little off the pier.C: Good. I think I’ll start heaving the bow alongside with the bow lines.

2. VocabularyWords and expressions

To make fast = a se laga la cheuTo moor = a se lega, a acosta, a amara, a afurcaWharf = cheu, debarcaderFender = aparatoare, tranchetTo let go = a mola, a fundarisi (ancora)Steerage way = viteza de guvernare, capacitate de a mai mentine drumulHead rope/line = parama de legare provaBow spring/backspring forward = spring provaBreast line = traversaTo heave, hove, hove = a aduce nava intr-o pozitie, a trageTaut = intinsSlack = slabitTo veer in/out = a viraTo make fast alongside = a acosta/lega cu bordulTo make fast stern to = a acosta/lega cu pupaTo get moored = a acosta, a se legaTo get berthed/tied up = a aduce nava la cheuTo bring the ship alongside the quay/to work the ship into her berth = a aduce nava la cheuTo make a starboard/port landing/to get alongside starboard/port side to = a acosta (a se lega) cu tribordul/babordulTo run out a line = a da o legaturaIt is advisable = este recomandabil

To swing the bow to starboard/port = a gira, a aduce prova la dreapta/stingaTo sheer the stern from the quay = a abate pupa de la cheuTo double up fore and aft = a da dublin la prova si pupa.

3. Standard Marine Communication Phrases3.1. Berthing

We will berth port/starboard side alongside = Vom acosta cu bordul babord/tribordWe will moor to (a ) buoy(s) ahead and astern = Ne vom lega la (o) geamandura/geamanduri in prova si in pupa.We will moor alongside = Vom acosta cu bordulWe will moor to dolphins = Ne vom lega la pilotiSend out…(head/stern/breast) lines = Dati parime…prova/pupa/traversaSend out…spring(s) forward/aft = Dati…spring(uri) prova/pupaWe will use…shore (head/stern/breast) lines/wires = Vom folosi… parime/sirme/prova/pupa/traverse de la mol (cheu)Do you have tension winches? = Aveti vinciuri de intindere?Have heaving lines ready forward and aft = Pregatiti bandule la prova si pupaSend a (heaving/head/stern/breast) line ashore = Dati o parima/bandula/prova/pupa/traversa la cheuHave a messenger line ready = Pregatiti o parima intermediaraUse the centre/panama lead forward/aft = Folositi nara centrala/panama din prova/pupaUse the bow lead = Folositi nara din centruUse the port/starboard quarter lead = Folositi nara din pupa babord./tribord.Heave on…line(s)/spring(s) = Virati parima/parimele/springul/springurilePick up the slack on the…line(s)/spring(s) = Luati din banda parimei/parimelor/springului/springurilorHeave away = viratiStop heaving = Stop virareaSlack away…line(s)/spring(s) = Filati parima/parimele/springul/springurileStop slacking…line(s)/spring(s) = Stop filarea parimei/parimelor/springului/springurilorHold on… line(s)/spring(s)= Tine parima/parimele/springul/springurileHeave in easy = Vira usorHeave alongside = Trageti pe parime de-a lungul cheiuluiKeep lines tight = Tine parimele intinseDo not break the lines = Nu rupe parimeleReport the forward/aft distance to… = Raporteaza distantaprova/pupa la…We have to move…metres ahead/astern = Trebuie sa ne deplasam…metri in prova/pupaWe are in position = Suntem in pozitie

3.2. Unberthing

Is/are the engine(s) ready? = Este/sunt motorul/motoarele gata?How long does it take to have the engine(s) ready? = Cit dureaza pregatirea motorului/motoarelor?It takes…minutes (to have the engine9s) ready) = Dureaza…minute pentru pregatirea motorului/motoarelorAre you ready to get underway? = Sunteti gata de mars?Prepare to let go. Pregatiti de molatSingle up…line(s) and…springs forward and aft = Reduceti parime/parimele…si springul/springurile…prova si pupa.

Slack away (head/stern/breast) line = Filati parima/prova/pupa/traversaSlack away (forward/aft) spring = Fila springul prova/pupaHeave on (head/stern) line = Vira parima prova/pupaHeave on (head/stern) spring = Vira springul prova/pupaLet go everything forward/aft = Mola toate parimele la prova/pupaLet go (head/stern) line = Mola parima.prova/pupaLet go towing line = Mola parima de remorcajLet go spring = Mola springulKeep someone forward to stand by the anchor = Tineti pe cineva in prova sa pregateasca ancora

3.3.Vocabulary in contextCO = Chief Officer; B = Boatswain(Bosun); H = Helmsman; 3rd O = Third Officer

The “Pastoria” is coming up the river on the flood tide. Her berth is on her starboard side, and six cables ahead. The Chief officer is on the forecastle and is giving the boatswain orders.

CO: Anchors are clear; got the heaving lines, fenders and mooring ropes ready, boatswain?B : Yes, Sir.CO: The Captain is going to take her round, now.

The next thing, after seeing that the equipment is ready, is to turn the ship round and stem the tide. We are now a little way past our berth and Captain Jones is doing this.

C: Hard-a-starboard.Stop her.Full ahead.H: Hard-a-starboard,Sir.3rd O:Full ahead, Sir.C:Midship. Stop her.Full astern.H:Midship3rd O:Full astern, Sir.C: Stop her.Port a bit.3rd O: Stop her,Sir.H:Port a bit.

The “Pastoria” was turned around by this manoeuvre. Now she is stemming the tide.

C: Slow ahead. Steady as you go.3rd O: Slow ahead, Sir.H: Steady as you go, Sir.

The ship is now approaching the berth against the tide, and Captain Jones has given us a slight cant towards it. On the forecastle, the chief officer says:

CO: Heaving line ready? Bend on the head rope. Now pay her out.

The shore party makes her head rope fast.

C: Stop her.3rd O: Stop her, Sir.

Now the weight comes on the head rope and the ship is dropping alongside. On the stern of the “Pastoria” the Second officer is in charge. He says:

C: Make fast your stern rope.

Stern rope, breast ropes and spring are now led ashore and made fast. On the bridge, the captain says:

C: Ring “Finished with the engine”, Third.3rd O: Finished with the engines, Sir.C: Very good. Helmsman, finished with the wheel.H: Finished with the wheel, Sir.

3.3.1.Vocabulary and expressions

To come up the river = a naviga in amonteFlood tide = perioada de fluxBerth = danaTo stem the tide = a naviga contra mareeiTo give a slight cant = a aduce usorHeaving line = bandulaTo bend on = a legaTo pay out = a filaShore party = echipa de la cheuNow the weight comes on the head rope = acum parama prova fiind solicitata…The ship is dropping alongside = nava vine prea repede la cheuMake fast your stern rope = voltati parama pupaLet ashore = date (paramele) la cheu

4. Grammar : Modal verbs-General

The ‘modal auxiliary verbs’ or ‘modal verbs’ are can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to, must, need and dare.

4.1.Use

We use modal verbs to talk about, for example, possibility, willingness, ability, obligation, certainty and permission.

e.g. It might rain. (possibility) Will you help me? (willingness)

Can she swim? (ability)You must be home by 11 o’clock. (obligation)You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry. (certainty)May I borrow your car? (permission)

4.1.2.Form

4.1.2.1.We form the affirmative by putting the modal verb between the subject and the full verb.

I can swim

We should go now.

Modal verbs take the same form in all persons. There is no-s ending in the third person singular.

She can swim.He should go now.

After all modal verbs (except ought) we use the infinitive without to e.g. swim, go etc.After ought we use to + infinitive e.g. to swim, to go etc.

4.1.2.2.We form the negative by putting n’t/not after the modal verb.

e.g. She can’t swimWe should’t go.It might not rain.

We form questions by inverting the subject and the modal verb. Compare:

e.g. She can swim.- Can she swim?We should go – Should we go?

Note that we do not use do in questions and negatives.

4.1.2.3.We can use the structure modal verb+be+…-ing

e.g. It’s getting late. We really must be going now.

4.1.2.4.We sometimes use expressions such as be able to, be allowed to and have to instead of modal verbs. These expressions give us certain meanings and forms which are not possible with modal verbs.

e.g. I’d like to be able to play the piano.(Can has no infinitive)She had to go to the doctor’s yesterday. (Must is not used to talk about the past)

4.1.2.5.When we talk about the past, we can use modal verb + have = past participle. We use this structure to talk about things that possibly happened or things that did not happen.

e.g. ‘Peter is late.’ ‘He may have missed his train’( Perhaps he missed/has missed his train)‘I feel really tired today. I should have gone to bed earlier last night.( But I did not go to

bed very early last night.)

4.2. Ability:can. Could, be able to

4.2.1. CanWe use can to talk about ability. The negative of can is cannot(can’t)

e.g. Can you swim?He can play the guitarI can’t open this bottle.Can you meet me tomorrow evening?

We can use be able to instead of can e.g. Are you able to swim? (but can is more common)

4.2.2. Could and was/were able to4.2.2.1.We can use could to say that someone had the general ability to do something in the past.

e.g. I could swim when I was 4 years old.My sister could talk when she was 15 months old.

We also use was/were able to with this meaning.e.g. I was able to swim when I was 4 years old.

4.2.2.2.But when we want to say that someone had the ability to do something, and that they did it in a particular situation, we must use was/were able to (could is not possible)

e.g. Even though I’d hurt my led, I was able to swim back to the boat.The manager wasn’t in the office for very long, but we were able to speak to him for a

few minutes.

We can use managed to (+ infinitive) or succeeded in (+ -ing form) instead of was/were able to in this meaning.

e.g. Even though I’d hurt my leg, I managed to swim back to the boat/ I succeeded in swimming back to the boat.We normally use managed to or succeeded in when the action was difficult to do.

4.2.2.3.There is an exception with the verbs of perception see, hear, smell, taste, feel, and some verbs of thinking e.g. understand, remember. We use could with these verbs when we actually did these things in particular situations.

e.g. We could see a man in the garden.I could hear a noise outside my bedroom door

4.2.2.4.We use could not (couldn’t) for both general ability and particular situations.

e.g. My grandmother couldn’t dance.He tried very hard, but he couldn’t swim back to the boat.

4.2.3. Could have…

We use could have + past participle to say that someone had the ability or the opportunity to do something in the past but did not do it.

e.g.You could have helped me. Why didn’t you? I could have gone to China on holiday last year, but I decided not to.

4.2.4. Expressing ability in other forms:be able to

Can has no infinitive, -ing form or participles. So, when necessary. we make these forms with be able to.

e.g. I’d like to be able to play the piano. In the future, people will be able to live on other planets.

She enjoys being able to speak foreign languages. I’ve been able to drive since I was 18.

4.3. Permission: can, could, may, might, be allowed to

4.3.1. Asking for permission

e.g. Can I borrow your dictionary? Could I ask you a personal question?May I make a suggestion?

Could is less direct and more polite than can hare. May is more formal than can and could, but can and could are more common.We can also use might to ask for permission in a less direct, more formal style.

Might I make a suggestion?

4.3.2. Giving permission

When we give permission, we use can or may 9but not could or might)

e.g. ‘Can I use your pen for a moment?’ ‘Yes, of course you can.’ You can borrow my camera if you want to. ‘Could I make a suggestion?’ ‘Of course you may.’

4.3..3. Talking about permission

When we talk about things that are already permitted or not permitted (e.g. when there is a law or a rule), we use can(‘t) or be (not) allowed.

e.g.You can’t smoke/aren’t allowed to smoke in this room. You can/are allowed to get married in Britain when you are 16.(That’s the law)

The children normally go to bed at 9 o’clock, but they can stay up/are allowed to stay up later on Saturdays. (Their parents have decided this.)

4.3.4. Could and was/were allowed to

4.3.4.1.We use could to say that we had general permission to do something in the past.e.g. When I was 18, I could borrow my parents’ car whenever I wanted to.When I was 18, I was allowed to borrow my parents’ car whenever I wanted to.

4.3.4.2.But when we want to say that someone had permission to do something and they did it in a particular past situation, we must use was/were allowed to (could is not possible)

e.g. I was allowed to borrow my parents’ car last night.( Not: I could borrow…)

4.4. Obligation and necessity (1); must, have to, have got to

4.4.1. Must and have to

4.4.1.1.We use both must and have to to express obligation or necessity, but there is sometimes a difference between them:

We normally use must when the authority comes from the speaker. You must be home by 10 o’clock. (I insist). I’ve got a terrible pain in my back. I must go and see the doctor. (I think it is necessary). You must drive carefully. (I insist).We normally use have to when the authority comes from outside the speaker. I have to be home by 10 o’clock.(My parents insist) I have to go and see the doctor at 9.00 tomorrow morning. (I have got an appointment.) you have to drive on the left in Britain.(That is the law)

4.4.1.2.We only use must (+infinitive) to talk about the present and the future. When we talk about past obligation or necessity, we use had to.

e.g. I had to work late yesterday.

4.4.1.3.Must has no infinitive, -ing form or participles. So, when necessary, we make these forms with have to.

e.g. I’ll have to work late tomorrow. He hates having to get up early. She’s had to work hard all her life.

Note that in questions and negatives with have to we use do/does in the present simple and did in the past simple.e.g. What time do you have to start work?

We don’t have to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time. Did you have to walk home last night?

4.4.2.Have got to

We often use have got to instead of have to to talk about obligation and necessity. Have got to is more informal.

e.g. I have to hurry. I’ve got to hurry. Do you have to go? Have you got to go?

We normally use have to, not have got to, for things that happen repeatedly, especially when we use one-word adverbs of frequency e.g. always, often. Compare:

e.g. I always have to work late on Wednesday evenings I’ve got to work late this evening.

Do you often have to get up early? Have you got to get up early tomorrow?

We use got mostly in the present. To talk about the past, we normally use had to, not had got to.

e.g. I had to work late last night.

4.5. Obligation and necessity (2): mustn’t, don’t have to, don’t need to, haven’t got to, needn’t

4.5.1.Compare mustn’t and don’t have to

Annie has got a bad cold.” You mustn’t get up today.”Sally is on holiday. “I don’t have to get up today.”

We use mustn’t when there is an obligation not to do something.

e.g. You mustn’t get up today.(=Do not get up.) You mustn’t wash that sweater. It has to be dry-cleaned(=Do not wash it.)

We use don’t have to when it is not necessary to do something.

e.g. I don’t have to get up today. (=It is not necessary to get up) You don’t have to wash that shirt. It isn’t dirty.(=It is not necessary to wash it.)4.5.2.We can also use don’t need to, haven’t got to or needn’t to to say that it is not necessary to

do something.

e.g. I don’t need to get up today.I haven’t got to get up today.I needn’t get up today

Note that we often use needn’t when the speaker gives someone permission not to do something.

e.g. You needn’t pay me back the money until next week. (= I give you permission not to pay me back the money until then.)

4.6. Needn’t have and didn’t need to4.6.1.Needn’t have + past participle says that someone did something, but it was not necessary- it was a waste of time.

e.g. I needn’t have made so much food for the party. Nobody was very hungry. (= it was not necessary to make so much food, but I did,)

I needn’t have told Kate what happened. She already knew. (=It was not necessary to tell Kate, but I did)

4.6.2.Didn’t need to + infinitive says that something was not necessary (but it does not say if someone did it or not).

e.g. She needn’t have waited. (=It was not necessary to wait, but she did.)She didn’t need to wait.(=It was not necessary to wait: we don’t know if she did or not.)They needn’t have worried. (=It was not necessary to worry, but they did.)They didn’t need to worry.(=It was not necessary to worry; we don’t know if they did or not)

4.6.3.When we use didn’t need to, it often means that someone did not do something (because it was not necessary).

e.g. I didn’t need to unlock the door because it was already unlocked.I didn’t need to write to you so I phoned you instead.

But we can also use didn’t need to (with stress on need) when something was not necessary, but someone did it.

e.g. I didn’t need to write to you, but I wrote to you anyway.

4.7. Obligation and advice: should, ought to, had better, be supposed to, shall

4.7.1.Should and ought to4.7.1.1.We can use both Should and ought to talk about obligation and duty, to ask for and give advice, and , in general, to say what is right or good.

e.g. You should learn to swim/You ought to learn to swim. You shouldn’t tell lies./You oughtn’t to tell lies. What do you think I should do?/What do you think I ought to do?

Should and ought to are very similar in meaning, but we often prefer ought to to talk about authority which comes from outside the speaker e.g. from laws or rulesNote that after should, we use the infinitive without to e.g. learn, tell, but after ought we use to+infinitive e.g. to learn, to tell.

4.7.1.2.We use should have/ought to have + past participle to say that someone did the wrong thing in the past.

e.g. I should have posted this letter yesterday, but I forgot. (I did not post it) I am really tired this morning. I should’t have stayed up so late last night.(I stayed up

late) Haven’t you finished your homework yet? You ought to have done it last night. (You

did not do it)

4.7.2Had better

Had better+ infinitive without to expresses a strong recommendation in a particular situation.

e.g. I’m going to an interview tomorrow. I’d better iron my shirt. It’s going to be cold tonight. We’d better turn on the heating.

We always use had not have with better in this structure, but the meaning is present or future, not pastWe form the negative with had better not.e.g. Wed better not be late.

Had better often suggests a kind of threat or warning, and is stronger than should or ought to.

4.7.3.Be + supposed to

We can use supposed to to talk about what people are expected to do because of an arrangement, a rule, or a duty.

e.g. You’re supposed to start work at 8.00 every morning. I’m supposed to see Maria this afternoon.

We use not supposed to to express prohibitions.e.g. You know you’re not supposed to eat in the classroom.

There is often a difference between what is supposed to happen and what really happens.

e.g. I’m supposed to see Maria this afternoon, but I’m not going to have enough time.Put those sweets away! You know you’re not supposed to eat in the classroom.He was supposed to phone me yesterday, but he didn’t.

4.7.4.Shall

We can use shall I? When we want to know someone’s opinion, or when we want advice or instructions.e.g. I’ve missed my last bus. What shall I do ?

I’m not sure what to do. Shall I apply for the job or not? How long shall I cook this spaghetti?

4.8.. Possibility: may, might, could4.8.1. Present and future possibility4.8.1.1.We use may, might and could to talk about present or future possibility.

e.g. “There’s someone at the door.” ‘It may be Sarah.” (=perhaps it is Sarah) We aren’t sure what we are going to do tomorrow. We might go to the beach.(=Perhaps we will go to the beach.) “Where’s Simon?” “He could be in the living room.” (=Perhaps he is in the living room.)

Might is normally a little less sure than may. Could is normally less sure than may or might.

+ + + may + + might + could4.8.1.2.We use the negatives may not and might not (mightn’t) with this meaning, but not could not.

e.g. Simon may not be in the living room(=Perhaps he is not in the living room.) We might not go to the beach. (=Perhaps we will not go to the beach.)

4.8.1.3.Note the form: may/might/could + be + …-ing

E.g. They may be having dinner at the moment. (Perhaps they are having dinner.)

4.8.2. Possibility in the past4.8.2.1.We can use may/might/could + have+past participle to talk about possibility in the past

e.g. “Where was sally last night?” “I think she may have been at the cinema.”(=I think perhaps she was at the cinema.)

“Peter is late.” “He might have missed his train.”(=Perhaps he missed/has missed his train.)

“I can’t find my wallet anywhere.” “You could have left it at home.” (Perhaps you left/have left it at home.)

“She walked straight past me without saying hello.” “She might not have seen you.”(=perhaps she didn’t see you.)

4.8.2.2.We also use could and might (but not may) with have + past participle to say that something was possible in the past but did not happen

e.g. “I forgot to lock my car last night.” “ You were very lucky. Someone could have stolen it”

“You were stupid to try to climb that tree. You might have killed yourself.”

4.9.Deduction: must, can’t4.9.1.Must, can’t4.9.1.1.We use must in deductions to say that we are sure about something.

E.g. It’s not very warm and you’re not wearing a coat. You must be cold. (= I am sure that you are cold.) Mrs Woods must know London very well. She has lived there all her life. (=I am sure that she knows London very well.)

4.9.1.2.We use can’t (not mustn’t) as the negative of must in this meaning. We use can’t in deductions to say that something is impossible.

e.g. Peter was here a moment ago, so he can’t be far away. (=It is impossible that he is far away.)

Annie can’t be asleep. There’s a light on in her bedroom. (=It is impossible that she is asleep)

4.9.1.3.Note the form: must/can’t + be + …-ing

e.g. You’ve been working hard all day. You must be feeling tired. ( I am sure that you are feeling tired.)Simon has bought two tickets for the concert, so he can’t be going on his own. (=It is impossible that he is going on his own.)

4.9.1.4.We also use can in questions about possibility.

e.g. The telephone is ringing. Who can that be?Sally is late. Where can she be?

4.9.2. Must have…and can’t have…4.9.2.1.We use must/can’t + have+ past participle for deductions about the past.

e.g. Those shoes you bought are very nice. They must have been expensive. (=I am sure that they were expensive.)

You can’t /couldn’t have been at the swimming pool yesterday! The swimming pool was closed all day yesterday! (=It is impossible that you were at the swimming pool!)

4.9.2.2.We use can have… and could have…in questions about past possibility.

e.g. Where can they have gone ?Sally is very late. What could have happened to her?

4.10. Requests: can, could, may, will, would4.101.Asking for something

We can ask for things with can, could and may.e.g. Can I have a glass of water, please?

Could I have the bill please?May I have some more coffee?

Could is less direct and more polite than can here: may is more formal than can/could.

4.10.2.Asking for permission

We also use can, could and may to ask for permission.e.g. Can I borrow your dictionary?

Could I ask you a personal question? May I have a look at your newspaper?

4.10.3.Asking someone to do something4.10.3.1. We often use can you? (=are you able to?) to ask someone to do something for us.e.g. Can you post this letter for me?

Can you switch on the light, please?We use could as a less definite, more polite form of can in this meaning.e.g. Could you pass me the newspaper please?

Could you give me some advice?

4.10.3.2.We also use will you? (=are you willing to?)to ask someone to do something.e.g. Will you switch on the light, please?We use would as a less definite, more polite form of will in this meaning.e.g. Would you pass this letter for me?

‘The phone is ringing.’ ‘Would you answer it?’

4.10.3.3. We also use would with the verb mind 9=’object to’ or ‘dislike’) to make polite requests.

e.g. Would you mind switching on the light?

4.10..3.4. We sometimes make requests by using would like as a polite way of saying what we want.

e.g. I’d like a glass of water, please. I’d like to ask you a personal question.

4.11. Offers: will, shall, can, could, would

4.11..1. We use will to say that we are willing to do something or to offer to do something.e.g. I’ll help you with your suitcase.

I’ll lend you my bicycle if you want. Are you hungry? I’ll make you something to eat.

We also use will you? In offers and invitations.e.g. What will you have to drink?

Will you have dinner with us?

4.11.2. We use shall I? (=do you want me to?) to offer to do something for someone.e.g. Shall I help you?

Shall I open the door for you?Shall I post this letter for you?

4.11.3. We also use can/could(=’ability’) to offer to do something for someone.e.g. I can post this letter for you.

I could lend you some money if you want.Sometimes when we use can or could to ‘ask for permission’, we are really offering to do Something.

e.g. Can I make you something to eat? Could I carry that bag for you?

In these uses, could is less direct and more polite than can.

4.11.4.We also use would with verbs such as like, prefer and rather to make polite offers and invitations.e.g. Would you like to go to a party on Saturday?

Would you like me to help you? Would you prefer to stay in or go out this evening?

4.12. Suggestions: shall, let’s, why don’t we, how/what about, can, could

4.12.1.We use shall we? To ask for and make suggestions.e.g. Where shall we go? What time shall we leave? Shall we stay at home? Shall we play tennis tomorrow?

4.12.2. We can also make suggestions in these ways:4.12.2.1.e.g. Let’s watch TV. Let’s go for a swim.

4.12.2.2.Why don’t we(+infinitive without to)?e.g. Why don’t we go for a swim? Why don’t we play tennis?

4.12.2.3. How/What about (+-ing form/noun)?e.g. How about playing tennis/a game of tennis?

4.12.3. We use can and could to suggest possible actions.e.g. We can watch TV if you like. We could go to the cinema tomorrow.In this use, could is less direct and more polite than can.

4.13. Habits: used to, will, would4.13.1. Used to4.13.1.1. Use.We use used to + infinitive to talk about past habits which are now finished.e.g. Robert used to play football when he was younger, but he stopped playing 20 years ago.(=Robert played football regularly in the past, but he does not play now.) Kate used to go swimming a lot, but she never goes swimming now. When I was a child, I used to suck my thumb.

We also use used to for past states and situations which are no longer true.e.g. Robert used to be very slim when he was younger. I used to live in London, but I moved in 1980.We only use used to to talk about the past. When we talk about present habits or present states, we use the present simple.e.g. Robert never plays football now. Kate goes sailing quite often nowadays. I live in Manchester. Robert is quite fat.We do not use used to to say how long something happened.e.g. I worked in Rome for six months.

4.13.1.2. FormUsed to + infinitive takes the same form in all persons.I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They used to play football.

live in London.be very slim.

The negative of used to is normally didn’t use to (=did not use to)I didn’t use to live in London.You didn’t use to like classical music.We also use never used to e.g. You never used to like classical music.We normally form questions with did…use to…?e.g. Where did you use to live? Did you use to like classical music?

4.13.2. Will and Would4.13.2.1. we can use will to talk about someone’s typical behaviour or characteristic habits.e.g. Simon loves music. He’ll sit for hours listening to his stereo. Kate is very kind. She’ll always help people if she can.We use would with the same meaning to talk about the past.e.g. When I was a child my father would sometimes take me fishing.

My grandmother was very absent-minded. She would often buy something and then leave the shop without it.

Will and Would are not stressed in this use.

4.13..2.2. If will or would are stressed (‘), it suggests criticism.e.g. He `will slam the door when he comes in. It really makes me angry. ‘She borrowed my camera without asking.’ ‘She `would do a thing like that. She’s always borrowing things without asking.’

4.13.2.3. Used to and wouldWhen we talk about past habits, we can use used to or would.e.g. When we were children, we used to/would play Cowboys and Indians together. When I was a child, my elder brother used to/would take me to the cinema every Saturday morning.When we talk about past states, we can use used to, but not would.e.g. My grandfather used to be a policeman. I used to have a moustache, but I shaved it off.

5. Grammar Practice

1. Complete the sentences using can or could where possible. If can or could is not possible, use a form of be able to.

Examples:He has been living in France for 6 months. He can speak French very well now.I’ll be able to go shopping later today.

1. When Robert was younger he---run quite fast.2. Look! You---see the mountains from this window.3. Kate---dance really well when she was a young girl.4. How long have you---play the guitar?5. Look! I---lift this chair with one hand!6. I’m sorry, but I won’t---come to the party on Saturday.

2. Complete the sentences using could or was/were able to .Sometimes either form is possible.

Example:Simon could/was able to read music when he was 7.

1. We---put out the fire before much damage was done.2. My daughter---walk when she was only 11 months old.3. I---finish all the work you wanted me to do yesterday.4. ‘---(you) speak French before you went to live in Paris?’ ’I---(not) speak it very well.’5. They were talking quite loudly. I---hear everything they said.

3. Robert Wells is 52 years old. Sometimes he feels that he has wasted his life.Read about Robert. Replace the words in italics with could have…as in the example.Example:When Robert was 26 he had the chance to get married, but he decided not to.When Robert was 26 he could have got married, but he decided not to.

1. Robert had the ability to go to university, but he didn’t want to go.2. He had the intelligence to pass his final exams at school, but he didn’t take them.3. A lot of people thought he had the ability to be a professional footballer when he was

younger, but he didn’t try.4. He had the opportunity to start his own business once, but he didn’t want to5. He had the chance to emigrate to Australia a few years ago, but he decided not to.

4. Complete the sentences using could or was/were allowed toExample: I was allowed to see him for a few moments yesterday.

1. Andrew---leave school early yesterday because he wasn’t feeling well.2. Until the 19th century, people---travel freely between most countries without a passport.3. Sue’s children---watch the film on TV last night.4. Her son has to wear a uniform in his new school, but in his old school he---wear whatever he

liked.

5. ( I ) Mrs Woods isn’t very well. The doctor is speaking to her, Complete what the doctor says using must and the verbs drink, take, stay and continue. Use each verb only once.

Doctor: Well, Mrs Woods, your temperature is a little high, so you----in bed for the next few days. You can eat whatever you like, but you---plenty of liquids. And I’ll give you some medicine. You---it three times a day after meals. And you ---to take it for the next ten days.

(ii) Now Mrs Woods is wxplaining the doctor’s instructions to Mr Woods. Complete what Mrs Woods says using have to and the verbs drink, take, stay and continue.Use each verb only once.

Mrs Woods: The doctor gave me some medicine. I---it three times a day after meals. And I---to take it for the next ten days. I’m not allowed to get up at the moment. I---in bed for the next few days. Oh, and I’m allowed to eat whatever I like, but I---plenty of liquids.

6. Complete the sentences using must or a form of have to. Sometimes two answers are possible.Example: I couldn’t go to the party last night because I had to babysit for my sister.

I have to/must get up early tomorrow morning.

1. You---get a visa to visit the United states.2. Annie will---do her homework tomorrow.3. It’s getting very late. We---go now.4. I---stay in bed yesterday because I wasn;t very well,5. Mr Mason---wear glasses since he was a child.6. I don’t like---work at weekends.

7.Choose the correct form.Example: You’ve been late for work twice this week. You mustn’t/needn’t be late again.

(The right choice here is mustn’t)

1. You mustn’t/ don’t have to open the door before the train stops. You could fall out.2. We mustn’t/ don’t have to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time.3. We mustn’t/ haven’t got to make any noise going into the house. It’s very late and

everybody is asleep.4. You mustn’t/needn’t tell Nicki about the party. I’ve already told her.5. You mustn’t/don’t need to phone the station about the time of the trains. I’ve got a

timetable.6. I mustn’t/haven’t got to go now. I can stay a bit longer if you want me to.

8.Complete these sentences using the modal verbs in the box. Sometimes two answers are possible.

Must mustn’t can can’t needn’t

Examples: You needn’t go any longer. You can go now.We mustn’t make a noise. We must be quiet.You must move your car. You can’t/mustn’t park here.

1. You mustn’t leave the door unlocked. You—lock it.2. You can only smoke in the canteen. You---smoke in this room.3. We needn’t do the washing up now. We---do it tomorrow.4. We can stay a bit longer. We---go now.5. You can’t keep on using my tennis shoes. You---buy your own.

6. You can keep those magazines. You---give them back to me.

9. Complete the sentences using needn’t have where possible. If needn’t have is not possible, use didn’t need to.Examples: ‘Did you water the garden?’ ‘Yes, but I needn’t have done (do) it. Just after I’d finished it started to rain!I didn’t need to wake (wake) her up because she was awake before me.

1. She ---(get up) early last Saturday, so she stayed in bed until 10 o’clock.2. I didn’t wear my coat when I went out. I---(wear) it. It wasn’t cold.3. He was very anxious before the exam, but he---(worry). It wasn’t as difficult as he’d

expected.4. She---(pay) the man, but she gave him some money anyway.5. She---(pay) the man, so she didn’t give him any money.6. Thank you very much for the flowers, but you really---(buy) them for me.

10. Complete the advice using should or ought to; find the advice for the problemsExample: 1. ‘I’ve lost my credit card.’‘You should report it to the credit card company immediately.’‘You ought to report it to the credit card company immediately.’

PROBLEMS ADVICE1. ‘I’ve lost my credit card.’ ‘I think you/sell it’2. ‘I can’t wake up in the mornings.’ ‘ Perhaps you/look for another job.’3.’I,m bored with my job.’ ‘ Don’t you think you/apologize to them?’4. ‘I’ve got a terrible headache.’ ‘Perhaps you/buy a new alarm clock!’5. ‘I was very rude to my parents.’ ‘ You/report it to the credit card company

immediately.’6. ‘My car keeps on breaking down.’ ‘ Perhaps you/take some aspirin.’

11. Make sentences using shoul(dn’t)…should(n’t) have…or ought(n’t) to have…and the words in brackets.Example: My car is always dirty. (I/clean/it more often.)I should clean it more often./I ought to clean it more often.

1. You think your friend works too hard. You tell him/her:(You/not work/so hard) (You/relax/more)

2. Your friend overslept this morning and was late for work. His boss said to him.(You/buy/an alarm clock!)

3. Kate didn’t feel well yesterday, but she went to work and now she feels really terrible.( She/not go/to work yesterday). (She/stay/in bed).

4. Mr Woods walked straight out into the road without looking. He was nearly killed by a bus.( He/not walk/into the road without looking.) (He/look/first.)

12. Complete the sentences using had better and the verbs in the box.Example: The phone is ringing. You’d better answer it.

Park stay hurry answer put out be not leave

1. This knife is very sharp. You ---careful when you use it.2. Oh no! Look! There’s a ‘No Parking’Sign here. We---somewhere else.

3. You’re not very well. I think you---in bed today.4. We’re late.We---5. There’s a lot of crime in this area. We---any doors or windows unlocked.6. The plane is just going to take off. You---that cigarette.

13. Complete the sentences using the correct form of be + supposed to and the verbs in the box.Example: I’m on diet, so I’m not supposed to eat cream cakes.

Arrive not eat go not open not park have

1. What are you doing with your birthday presents? You---them until your birthday!2. I---to work yesterday, but I couldn’t because I was ill in bed.3. You---your car here at any time.4. We---in Manchester at 6 o’clock this morning, but our plane was delayed.5. Peter---a one-hour lunch break, but he sometimes takes a bit longer.

14. Complete each question using shall I and the most suitable verb in the box.Example: How much money shall I get from the bank?

Paint invite get tell put

1. Who---to my prty, do you think?2. Where---all these dirty plates and glasses?3. What do you think?---my parents what has happened?4. What colour---my bedroom? Have you got any ideas?

15. Rephrase these sentences using the modal verbs in brackets.Examples: Perhaps she is ill (may). She may be ill.

Perhaps they went out. (might)They might have gone out.

1. Perhaps you’re right. (could)2. Perhaps she’ll win the race. (might)3. Perhaps she forgot about the meeting. (may)4. Perhaps they were asleep. (might)5. Perhaps he doesn’t know the address.(may)6. Perhaps they left early. (could)7. Perhaps he isn’t coming now.(might)8. Perhaps I’ll see you tomorrow. (may)9. Perhaps they’re going on holiday. (could)10. Perhaps she didn’t catch the bus.(may)

16. Complete the sentences using can or could and the verbs in the box. Use each verb only once.

Grow be make reach live survive cross

Example: Tigers can be dangerous.

1. Elephants---for up to 70 years.

2. Temperatures near the South Pole---minus 43 degrees centigrade.3. A hundred years ago ships---the Atlantic in 10 days.4. Camels---for up to 17 weeks in the desert without water.5. Dinosaurs---up to 5 metres long.6. Anyone---mistakes.

17.Complete the sentences using should or ought to and the correct form of the verbs in the box. Use each verb only once.

pass be win not take sell arrive receive

Example: I’ve only got &15, but that should/ought to be enough. We won’t need to buy very much.

1. You---my letter first thing in the morning. I posted it earlier today.2. I was surprised Liverpool lost the football match. They ---easily.3. I---my car easily. I only want & 950 for it and it’s in very good condition.4. Andrew---the exams last week. He worked very hard for them.5. ‘How long will it take to drive to the park?’ ‘Well, it---long. It isn’t very far.’6. I’m still waiting for the 7 o’clock bus. It---half an hour ago.

18. Answer the questions in A using must or can’t, give a reason from BExample: 1. They can’t be Greek. They’re speaking Italian.

A B

1. Are they Greek? It’s very cold in here.2. Is he ill? He’s too young.3. Is the heating on? She’s just passed her driving test.4. Are they asleep? They’re speaking Italian.5. Is she happy? Their bedroom lights are off.6. Is he a doctor? He’s got a high temperature.

19. Rephrase the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.Examples: I’m sure she is in bed. (must) She must be in bed.

We’ll probably arrive before 11 o’clock. (should) We should arrive before 11 o’clock.Perhaps he was ill.(may) He may have been ill.It’s impossible that they missed the plane. (can’t) They can’t have missed the plane.

1. Perhaps she’ll phone later, (might)2. I’ll probably be at home. (could)3. Perhaps they went home.(could)4. It’s impossible that he’s telling the truth. (can’t)5. I’m sure you’ve heard the news. (must)6. Perhaps I won’t go out this evening. (may)7. It’s impossible that she saw us. (can’t)8. I’m sure the bus has left. (must)9. Perhaps he didn’t apply for the job. (might)

10. She’ll probably be here soon. (ought to)

20. Peter and Sally are trying to decide what to do this evening.Complete the conversation using the words in the box. Use some words more than once.

Why don’t we Let’s shall we How about could

PETER: So, what shall we do this evening?SALLY: Well, we haven’t got much money.---staying in and watching TV?PETER: Oh, no! I’m fed up with watching TV.SALLY: ---go out for a drink, then. We can afford one drink each.PETER: All right.Where---go?SALLY: ---go to The Tropical Bar? They have really good music there.PETER: Yes, but the drinks are very expensive.SALLY: That’s true. Well, we---go to the pub on the coner.PETER: Yes. They have very good videos.---go there.SALLY: I thought you said you were fed up with watching TV!

21. Put one verb in each sentence into the used to form and the other verb into the present simple.Examples: When Margot first became a doctor, she used to work (work) in a small hospital in Brighton, but now she works (work) in a large hospital in London.

1. Robert---(be) interested in football, but he (not/be) very interested in it any more.2. Nowadays Kate---(never/go) dancing, but she---(go) a lot before she was married.3. That shop---(be) a grocer’s when I was a child. Now it---(be) a supermarket.4. Britain---(have) military service, but it---(not/have)it any more.5. France---(be) a republic now, but it---(be) a monarchy.6. ‘---(you/like) history when you were at school?’ ‘ No, I didn’t, but now I---(find) it quite

interesting.

22. Complete the sentences using will or would and one of the verbs in the box.Example: Robert has got a very bad memory. He’ll often forget (often) where he’s parked his car.

Carry on spend lend go throw forget

1. Kate is very generous. She---(always) you money if you need it.2. Ken’s grandfather was very mean. He---(never) anything away if he could use it again.3. Mr Woods is a real chatterbox! He---talking fir hours and hours if you give him a chance.4. When Simon was a child, he---(often) hours just looking out of the window.5. ‘I’m always tired these days.’ ‘Well. You---to bed so late every night, it isn’t surprising!’

23. Which of these sentences can be completed with either used to or would? Which of them can only be completed with used to?Examples: When Robert was younger, he used to/would go running every morning.

1. When Andrew was a small baby he---cry a lot.2. When I was little, I---be afraid of the dark.3. When we were children, we---visit my grandmother every Sunday afternoon.

4. When Mrs Woods was younger, she---play tennis every weekend.5. Years ago I---have a motorbike.6. There---be quite a lot of cinemas in the town, but now there aren’t any.

6.Grammar Practice Answer key

1. 1. could; 2. Can; 3. Could; 4. Been able to; 5. Can; 6. Be able to.

2.1. were able to; 2.could/was able to; 3. Was able to; 4. Could/Were you able to,

couldn’t/wasn’t able to; 5. Could/was able to

3.1. Robert could have gone; 2.He could have passed; 3. He could have been; 4.He could

have started; 5. He could have emigrated.

4.1. was allowed to; 2. Could/were allowed to; 3. Were allowed to; 4. Could/was allowed

to

5.(i) 1. Must stay; 2. Must drink; 3.must take; 4. Must continue(ii) 1. Have to take; 2. Have to continue; 3. Have to stay; 4. Have to drink

6.1. must/have to; 2. Have to; 3. Must/have to; 4. Had to; 5. Has had to; 6. Having to

7.1. mustn’t; 2. Don’t have to; 3. Mustn’t; 4. Needn’t; 5. Don’t need to; 6. Haven’t got to

8.1.must; 2.can’t/mustn’t;3. Can; 4.needn’t; 5.must; 6. Needn’t

9.1. didn’t need to get up; 2. Didn’t need to wear; 3. Needn’t have worried; 4. Needn’t

have paid; 5 didn’t need to pay; 6. I think you should/ought to sell it.

10.1.You should/ought to report it to the credit card company;2.Perhaps you should/ought to buy a new alarm clock!; 3.Perhaps you should/ought to look for another job; 4. Don’t you think you should/ought apologize to them?; 6. I think you should/ought to sell it

11.1.You shouldn’t /oughtn’t to work so hard; 2. You should/ought to have bought/buy an alarm clock; 3. She shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have gone to work yesterday. She should/ought to have stayed in bed.;4.He shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have walked into the road without looking. He should/ought have looked first.

12.1.had better be; 2. Had better park; 3. Had better stay; 4. Had better hurry; 5. Had better not leave; 6. Had better put out.

13.1.are not supposed to open; 2.was supposed to go; 3. Are not supposed to park; 4. Were supposed to arrive; 5. Is supposed to have.

14.1.shall I invite?; 2. Shall I put?; 3. Shall I tell?; 4. Shall I paint?

15.1.You could be right; 2.she might win the race; 3.she may have forgotten about the meeting;4. They might have been asleep; 5. He may not know the address;6. They could have left early.7. He might not be coming; 8. I may see you tomorrow; 9.They could be going on holiday; 10.She may not have caught the bus.

16.1. can live; 2.can reach;3. Could cross; 4. Can survive; 5. Could grow; 6. Can make.17.1.should receive; 2.should have won; 3,should sell; 4. Should have passed; 5.shouldn’t take; 6. Should have arrived.Note: In all sentences should can be replaced by ought to

18.1.They can’t be Greek. They speak Italian; 2. He must be ill. He’s got a high temperature; 3. The heating can’t be on. It’s very cold in here; 4. They must be asleep. Their bedroom lights are off. 5. She must be happy. She’s just pass her driving test. 6. He can’t be a doctor. He’s too young.

19.1.She might phone later; 2.I should be at home by 6 o’clock; 3. They could have gone home; 4. He can’t be telling the truth. 5. You must have heard the news; 6. I may not go out this evening; 7. She can’t have seen us; 8. The bus must have left; 9.He might not have applied for the job; 10. She ought to be here soon

20.1.How about; 2. Let’s; 3. Shall we; 4.Why don’t we; 5. Could; 6. Let’s

21.1.used to be, is not; 2.never goes, used to go; 3. Used to be, is; 4. Used to have, doesn’t have; 5. Is, used to be; 6. Did you use to like, find.

22.1.will always lend; 2.would never throw; 3. Will carry on; 4.would often spend; 5.will go

23.1. used to/would; 2.used to; 3. Used to/would. 4. Used to/would; 5. Used to; 6. Used to

7. Progress Test-Modal verbs1. Review of permission and obligationChoose the most suitable answer-A,B or C

1. It isn’t cold outside. You…wear a coat.A mustn’t B can C needn’t2. You …keep out of that room. It’s private.A don’t have to B mustn’t C must3. You… fall asleep when you drive a car.A mustn’t B needn’t C must4.I’m going to retire soon. Then I won’t…work any more.A must B have to C can5.You …vote in Britain until you are 18.A have to B can C aren’t allowed to6. You…wear a uniform in the army.

A can B have to C mustn’t7.Tomorrow is a holiday. We…go to work.A don’t have to B aren’t allowed to C have to8. You …ride a bicycle on a motorway in Britain.A must B don’t have to C can’t

2.Review of possibility, probability and deductionChoose the correct answer-A, B or C.

1. It…a lovely day tomorrow.A can be B could b C must be2. I’m getting fat, I think I…eating the wrong kind of food.A must be B can’t be C can be3. I’m not sure, but I…Sue in town last night.A can see B must have seen C may have seen4. Mike…driving to London tomorrow. He can’t drive!A might be B can’t be C must be5. My letter…yesterday, but it didn’t.A must have arrived B may arrive C should have arrived6. I can hear footsteps in the flat upstairs, so there …someone there.A must be B might be C can’t be7. We’re very busy tomorrow so we…time to visit you. We aren’t sure.A could not have B might not have C ought to have8. That girl…20 years old. She looks about 12!A may be B must be C can’t be

8.Progress Test-answer key

1. 1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C

2. 1.B 2A 3C 4B 5C 6 A 7 B 8 C