Chapter 29 Between Two Fires. After WWI Innovations After WWI (sciences, arts, pop. culture)
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Transcript of Chapter 29 Between Two Fires. After WWI Innovations After WWI (sciences, arts, pop. culture)
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Chapter 29
Between Two Fires
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After WWI
• Innovations After WWI
• (sciences, arts, pop. culture)
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Voting:
• Women Receive Right to Vote
• (In Most Western Countries)
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Transportation:
• Automobile And Highways
• Mass Marketed
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Communication:
• Radio Is Mass Marketed
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New Ideas
• Albert Einstein: • Relativity • Sigmund Freud:• Psycho-analysis
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Arts
• Movies • Why? • Leisure Time (Shorter
Work Week) • SilentTalkies • Jazz Singer (First
Talkie 1927) • (Color Films 1939)
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New Literature/Literary techniques
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HARLEM RENAISSANCE:
• African Literary Movement
• Why?• To Address Social
Issues of the African American Community
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Stream Of Consciousness:
• Literary Technique Used By James Joyce
• What Is It?• Continual Flow Of
Thought In Writing • Why? • To Reflect All The Forces,
External And Internal, Influencing The Psychology Of A Character
• (modern novel)James Joyce
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Artists And New Art Forms
• Why? • War Transforms Life With Radical New
Ideas• Artists (Like Counterpart Authors)
Disillusioned After the War
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Dada
• Why? • To Express
Absurdity/brutality Of Life
Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Through the
First Epoch of the Weimar Beer-Belly Culture,1919
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Cubism
• Geometric Shapes In Art
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907
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Surrealism
• Dreamlike Objects• To Explore
Unconsciousness
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Music And Dance
• Non-traditional Styles• United States: Jazz • (Folk Songs, West
African Rhythms, Harmonies From Europe, Slave Work Song )
• Swing Louis Armstrong
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United States
• Stronger Than European Countries
• Why?• No Fighting On U.S.
Soil.
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United States
• Do Not Want To Join League Of Nations
• Why? • Do Not Want Foreign
Entanglements• Expel Foreign-born
Radicals (1919, 1920)• Why?• Fear Of Communism
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After WWI
• Problems After WWI
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Unemployment (in United States)
• Why?• 1 Production:
• Demand: Down
• 2 Buying On Margin• 3 Farming Prices Fall• 4 (Dust Bowl)
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Unemployment
• By 1933: • ¼ Of U.S Population
Is Unemployed• FDR Elected President
In 1932• Policy: New Deal
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United States
• U.S. Better Off Than Many Other European Nations
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Effects Of War (Europe)
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Great Britain
• Loses Power As Economic Leader
• Why?• Overseas Markets
Taken Over During The War
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Great Britain
• Factories Are Old And Outdated
• Workers Demand Higher Wages, Strike.
• Labour Party Becomes Second Leading Party
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Great Britain
• Loses Political Power • Why?• Establish
Commonwealth Of Nations
• (To Link Former Colonies/Dominions As Equals)
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Great Britain
• Uprising In Ireland:• Catholic South
(Dominion)• Protestant North
(Great Britain)• 1937 Ireland Becomes
A Republic
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France • Fear Of Another War • Why? • WWI Wreaks Havoc On
France’s People And Land• (France Has Tough Time
Rebuilding)• Political Parties Compete For
Votes• Leads To Weak Gov’t • (With Extremists Threatening
Stability)
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France
• Communists (1934) Appeal To Socialists
• To Combat Fascism• Become Known As
Popular Front
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France
• Build Fortifications Along France’s Eastern Borders (Maginot Line)
• Why?• To Protect Against
Germany • (Fail To Protect
Border W/ Belgium)
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The Rise Of Totalitarianism
• Where (After WWI)?• Italy, Germany, Russia• What Is Totalitarianism? • The Total Control Of Government Over
Individual • Two Forms (of Totalitarianism):• Fascism (Germany, Italy)• Communism (U.S.S.R.)
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Totalitarian Governments After WWI
• Fascism• Glorifies State (Over
Individual)• One Party System With
A Strong Ruler• Aggressive Nationalism
And Racism• Allows Ownership of
Private Property
• Communism • Glorifies State (Over
Individual)• One Party System With
A Strong Ruler• Aggressive Nationalism
And Racism
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Fascism
• Italy, Germany
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Germany
• After WWI: Germany Becomes A Democracy
• (Weimar Republic)• Government Is Weak• The Republic Is
Associated With the Loss Of WWI
• Germany Has To Pay Cost Of War
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Germany
• Weak Republic: • Loss Of (Industrial) Ruhr Valley To France
(Reparations)• Loss Of Industry+Printing Of More Money
(For Expenses)=• Inflation
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Germany
• 1920- 1$=• 60-70 Marks• 1923- 1$=• 4,200,000,000,000
Marks
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Adolf Hitler
• Born In Austria• High School Drop Out• Studied In Vienna (Art
And Architecture)• Believe Germans Are
“Master Race”
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Adolf Hitler
• World War I War Hero (Receives 2 Iron Crosses)
• After WWI, Joins Political Group:
• Nationalist-Socialist German Workers’ Party
• Nazi Party
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Adolf Hitler
• 1923 Hitler Attempts A Government Revolution
• Revolution Fails• Hitler Imprisoned• In Prison, Writes Book:
Mein Kampf
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Mein Kampf
• Blames Jews And Communists For WWI Defeat
• Declares Germans A “Master Race” (Aryan Race)
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Adolf Hitler
• Elected Chancellor In 1933• Why?• (Due To Continued Economic
Depression) • 1933-Reichstag Burned • Arson Blamed On
Communists • (Civil Liberties Are Stripped)
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Adolf Hitler cont’d
• Hitler Is Given More Power To Deal With “Threats”
• Communists Are Arrested
• Trade Unions Are Abolished
Reichstag
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Nuremberg Laws (1935)
• Jews-1% Of German Population
• Nuremberg Laws Strip Jews Of Citizenship
• “Pure Must Not Mix With The Impure”
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• Hitler Takes Title• “Der Fuhrer”• Calls His Government The Third Reich• Reich=power/rule
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The Third Reich
• 1st Reich- • Germany Under Holy
Roman Empire• 2nd Reich-• Germany Under Bismarck• 3rd Reich-• Under Hitler, To Rule For
1000 Years
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German Economy
• Hitler Restores Jobs• How?• Through Military Production • Violates The Treaty Of Versailles
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Italy
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Why Fascism In Italy?
• WWI Veterans Find Little Work After War
• Workers Go On Strike For Pay/benefits
• Peasants Seize Land… • Conditions Set For The
Rise Of Totalitarianism
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Benito Mussolini
• Rise of Mussolini• (Totalitarianism)• Also Due to Middle
Class Fear of Communism
• Workers Want Full Employment And Benefits
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Mussolini
• Mussolini Wants Italy To Be Returned To Greatness of Roman Empire
• Mussolini Seizes Power
• (Black Shirt Party Uses Physical Force)
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Mussolini
• King Names Mussolini Prime Minister• Many Favor Mussolini (But Don’t Like Fascism)• Mussolini Restores Order, Builds Up Military-
Provides Jobs• Italy Invades Ethiopia (1935)• (in 1896 Italy lost war to Ethiopia/Abyssinia)• Italians View Fascism as a Better Alternative
Than Communism
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Communism
• Soviet Union
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Lenin
• Under Lenin, Bolsheviks Bring Major Industries Under State Control
• Create Powerful Bureaucracy
• (But Inefficient)• Peasants Have Little
Political Power
Vladimir Lenin
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New Economic Policy
• Created To Stimulate The Economy• Allows Some Private Businesses To
Operate And Sell For Profit
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1922
• Russia Becomes Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
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Theory of Communism
• State Controlled By Workers
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Reality (in Practice)
• Communist Party Controls Workers Central Government In Moscow
• Russians Remain Dominant Over Other Republics
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Trotsky And Stalin
• Lenin Dies In 1924• Who Will Succeed Him?
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Trotsky
• Built The Red Army (Wants Worldwide Revolution)
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Stalin
• Wants To Focus On Soviet Union First• Skilled Administrator/propagandist
(Outmaneuvers Trotsky)• Stalin Gains Control
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Marx’s Five Year Plan
• Why? • To Build USSR Into An Industrial Power
(End N.E.P.)
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Collectivization
• In Agriculture (To Increase Exports And Pay For Industry)
• Stalin Uses Collectivization To Intimidate Peasants
• Crushes Resistance In Ukraine
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Effect Of Stalin
• First 5 Year Plan Successful• Transforms USSR Into An Industrial Power• (Enormous Human Cost- 10,000,000
Lives?)
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1920s To 1953-
• One Of History’s Most Brutal Dictatorships• 1930s:• Stalin Begins Purges Against Potential
Enemies: • Millions Of Party Members Are Expelled,
Put In Labor Camps, Or Shot.
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Arts
• Writers And Artists Are Forced To Create “New Reality”
• (Glorifying State- Soviet Heroes And Achievements)
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World War II
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Japan
• Imperialism In Asia• Why?• Territoriesnew Materials And Markets• Japan Invades Manchuria
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Italy
• Mussolini (Italy) Invades…• Ethiopia
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Spain (Civil War)
• Nationalists • (Conservative)• Supported By
Germany And Italy
• Loyalists • (Left-wing) • Supported By Soviet
Union
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Hitler On The Offensive
• (March 1936)• Violates Treaty Of
Versailles By Seizing The Rhineland
• (France And Britain Don’t Want War)
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The Axis Powers
• October 1936 Power Created Between Germany And Italy
• (Later Japan)anti-comintern Plan
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Austria
• 1938 Hitler Annexes Austria
• (Wants To Unite German Peoples)
• No Action From Western Democracies
Hitler informs jubilant Nazi deputies in the Reichstag that Germany has
annexed Austria, 1938
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Rome Berlin Axis
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Czechoslovakia
• 1930s National Czechs Demand Freedom.
• Hitler Uses National Cause To His Advantage
• Destroys The Country
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Sudetenland
• Demands That German Peoples In Region Must Be Given Right Of Self-determination
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Appeasement
• To Appease Hitler, • Sudetenland Given To
Germany
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Munich Conference
• Italy, Germany, France, England Meet.
• Give Sudetenland To Hitler In Exchange For Czech Sovereignty.
• (Hitler Controls All Of Czech.)
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The Coming Of War
• March 1939• Hitler Takes Control
Of The Western Part Of Czechoslovakia
• West Begins To Prepare For War
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Poland
• March 1939• Hitler Threatens Poland.• Great Britain And France Promise Support
For Poland
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Soviet Union
• Stalin Believes That The West Won’t Come To Soviet’s Aid.
• Signs Non-aggression Pact With Germany
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September 1, 1939
• Germany Invades Poland (WWII Begins)
• Uses Blitzkrieg (Lightning War Tactics)
• Luftwaffe (German Air Force) + Tanks + Infantry Attack Poland
• (Poland Is Overrun in 20 Days)
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The “Phony War”
• Relative Quiet After Attack On Poland
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Scandinavia
• April 9 • Germany Controls
Denmark And Norway (Outlet To Atlantic)
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• May Chamberlain Resigns.
• Winston Churchill Becomes Prime Minister
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• May 10 • Germany Invades
Netherlands • (Britain And France
Move Troops To Belgium)
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France
• Maginot Line• Has 50mile Gap In Ardennes• Dunkirk• Germans Force Allied Troops
To Evacuate (NW France)• June 14 • Germans Enter Paris, Control
Northern France
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Vichy France
• Vichy- Southern France
• Puppet Government
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Free French
• French Citizens Who Fight Against The Nazis
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Britain
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Battle Of Britain
• England Has A Superior Naval Power
• August 1940 • Germany Begins
Bombing Britain• (R.A.F. Does Well)
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Blitz
• Nightly Bombings Of Britain
• Does Not Break British Morale
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Winston Churchill
• “Never In The Field Of Human Conflict Was So Much Owed By So Many To So Few.”
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United States (Cash And Carry Policy)
• U.S. Wants To Remain Neutral.
• However, gives Britain 50 Naval Destroyers.
• Begins selling war supplies, food.
• (U.S. gets bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, British West Indies)
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Lend-lease Policy
• Lend War Equipment to Britain• Why? • Defense Of (American) National Security.
(Cash and Carry drains British economy)• August 1941-call For Freedom Of Trade• Self-choice Of Gov’t,• “Final Destruction Of Nazi Tyranny.”
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Eastern Europe And Africa• (Mussolini wants Med.
Empire)• June 1940 Mussolini
Declares War On France And Britain.
• However, British Crush Italians In Libya
• German Troops Diverted To Southeastern Europe.
• Germany Sweeps Through Yugoslavia And Greece (Rescue Italians In Libya)
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Soviet Union
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Operation Barbarossa
• June 22, 1941 Germans begin attack on Soviet Union
• Stalin: Scorched Earth Policy
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November 1941
• 40% of Soviet Population Captured
• Kiev Captured• Begun Siege Of
Leningrad• On The Outskirts Of
Moscow• But… winter sets in
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December 2, 1941
• Germans Begin All Out Assault On Moscow• Soviets Stage Counterattack• Germans Are Forced To Retreat
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Nazi Order
• New Order:• Nazis To Rule Europe• Exploit Its Resources• Eliminate “Undesirable Elements”• Nazis Plunder Occupied Countries (art
treasures, raw materials, factories)• Seize Resources• Drive (.5) Millions Into Forced Labor And
Concentration Camps
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The Holocaust
• 1941, Holocaust Begins • (Systematic Killing Of More Than 6 Million
Jews)• Largest Number Of Jews Are In Poland And
Soviet Union• Germans Force Jews Into Ghettos• Fed Starvation Rations• June 1941 Imprisonment Turns to Mass
Murder
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Final Solution
• January 1942 • Summer 1942
Transport Of Jews To Death Camps
• (e.g. Auschwitz)• France, Italy, Hungary
Send Jews• Denmark Resists
Expulsion Of Jews
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Japanese Expansion
• Japan Acquires New Territories In Southeast Asia
• How?• As A Result Of Hitler’s
Offensive In Europe • (European Countries lose
control of colonies)
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Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
• Why? • To Gain Support Of
Asians Who Wished To Rid Their Lands Of European Rule
• Invade Indochina
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United States’ Response:
• “Withdraw From China And Indochina.”• Place Embargo On Oil; All Japanese Assets
Frozen In The U.S.• (Know Of Attack…Think It Will Be In
Southeast Asia)
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Isoroku Yamamoto
• Why Attack? • Most Of Pacific Fleet Stationed At Pearl
Harbor
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Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941• “A Date Which Will
Live In Infamy”• 19 Ships
Sunk/disabled• 188 Airplanes
Destroyed• 2,400 Dead• 1,100 Injured
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Allies
• Plan: Focus Plan Of Attack N. Africa, Mediterranean Area
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Sea And Air Battles
• Germans look to control the seas build massive ships
• (i.e. Bismarck, Prinz Eugen• May 1941, Bimarck Is Sunk • (Ends Surface Ship Effort By
Germans)
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Stalingrad
• July 1942 • Soviets In Full Retreat• August 1942 • Attack Of Stalingrad• Stalin: “Hold City At
All Costs”
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Stalingrad
• Why Attack?• Major Industrial Center • February 1943 • Germans Surrender• German Loss: 100,000
(Best Of German Troops)• Soviets Loss: 1,100,000
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War In The Desert
• Gen. Erwin Rommel Vs. Gen. Bernard Montgomery
"General Bernard L. Montgomery
watches his tanks move up."
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El Alamein
• Spring 1942 British Stop Germans
• Force Germans Back Across Egyptian-Libyan Frontier
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“Pincers”
• Allies Plan Eastward Advance “Pinch” Rommel (Surrenders, May 1943)
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Italy-Sicily Air And Sea Attack
• (July 1943)• General Dwight D.
Eisenhower begins assault on Sicily
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General Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Fall Of Sicily Leads To Mussolini’s firing
• (Sept 3 Secret Surrender)• Germans Occupy N. Italy• Rescue Mussolini• June 4, 1944 • Allies Forces Enter Rome
General Dwight D. Eisenhower addresses American paratroopers on D-Day.
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Pacific War
• May 1942• Battle Of The Coral
Sea• First Allied Victory In
Pacific
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Battle of Midway
• June 1942• Ends Japanese Naval
Superiority In Pacific• Next, launch Battle of
Guadalcanal• (last six months)
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Gen. Douglas Macarthur
• Commander on land in Pacific
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Gen. Chester W. Nimitz
• Commander of seas in Pacific
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Island Hopping
• Leapfrog From Island To Island In Pacific
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Kamikaze
• Beginning November 1943
• Japanese use kamikaze tactics
• After Americans Pause To Rebuild
• (After Guadalcanal)
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Operation Overlord
• Plan for invasion of France
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Allied Victories
• D-Day• June 6, 1944 • Allies Sail From England
(Across English Channel) To Normandy Region of France
• Encounter Heavy Resistance
• (But, the Plan is a Success)• August 25-26, 1944
Liberate Paris
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Gen. George S. Patton
• Tank commander races across Northern France (towards Germany)
"Old Blood and Guts"
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Victory In Germany
• Summer 1944 • Soviets Force Germans Out Of Soviet
Union.
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Battle Of The Bulge
• December 16, 1944- January 16, 1945• By March 1945 • Allies Storm Across The Rhine River
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VE DAY
• May 7 V-E Day• (Victory in Europe)• Hitler Commits
Suicide• Mussolini
Assassinated
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Yalta Conference
• (Before War Is Over)• What To Do With
Germany? • Decision: Divide Into
Zones • Propose Formation Of
United Nations
Yalta Conference, 1945
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Yalta Conference (continued)
• Allies Give Eastern Poland To Soviets
• (In Return, Promise Free Elections)
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Potsdam Conference
• Plans For Occupation Of Germany
• Demand Japanese Surrender
Prime Minister Clement Atlee (U.K.), President Harry S. Truman, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin
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Victory Over Japan
• Late 1944-early 1945 • Japanese Commanders
Refuse Surrender • (Even Though Heavy
Losses)• July 1945 • Decision To Use Atomic
Bomb (Harry Truman)
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• August 6 Hiroshima
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• August 9 Nagasaki• (Altogether 200,000
Dead)
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• August 14, 1945 • VJ Day
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Effects Of The War
• 55 Million Dead
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Nuremberg Trials
• November 1945- September 1946
• Trials Held Against Nazi Leaders.
• First Time In History That Officials Were Held Responsible For Crimes Against Humanity
A courtroom scene: The defendants (at back, in front of military police) and defense lawyers (in front of defendants). (Photos courtesy of Special Collections Department, Harvard Law School Library)
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Next…
• The Cold War