Chapter 28 Minor Bodies of the Solar System The Moon.
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Transcript of Chapter 28 Minor Bodies of the Solar System The Moon.
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Chapter 28 Minor Bodies of the Solar System
The Moon
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Lunar Facts• Earth’s only natural satellite
• The Moon orbits the Earth at a distance of about 384,000 km (240,000 miles)
• The Moon is about 3,468 km in diameter- about ¼ the size of Earth.
• The Moon orbits the Earth at a 5o angle with respect to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun.
Earth’s orbital plane
Moon’s orbital
plane
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Space Exploration
• 1957- the Soviet Union launches, Sputnik, the first artificial satellite
• 1958- the U.S. launched its first, Explorer 1
• Thousands now orbit the Earth
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Lunar Missions
• July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong became the first man on the Moon
• Between 1969 and 1972, the U.S. accomplished six Apollo missions
• 12 Americans have walked on the moon
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Apollo 11 MissionFirst Lunar Landing Footage
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The Lunar Surface
• No atmosphere• Extreme
temperatures– Daytime =
130C (265°F)– Nighttime = -
190C (-310 F)• 1/6 Earth’s
gravity
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• Mountains up to 7500 m (25,000 ft) tall
• Ridges- long, narrow elevations of rock that crisscross the moon’s surface.
Highlands
The Lunar SurfaceHighlands
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The Lunar SurfaceMaria
• Dark areas made chiefly of basalt
• Galileo named them for there “sea”-like appearance
• Formed 3-4 billion years ago by magma resulting from massive impacts or radioactive decay
Mare
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Lunar FeaturesRilles
Long, deep ancient lava channels leftover from the formation of maria
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Lunar FeaturesCraters
•Most formed by meteorite impact on the Moon
•Young craters characterized by bright streaks, called rays
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Lunar FeaturesRegolith
Fine layer of dust and rock that covers the moon’s surface
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Lunar FeaturesRocks
• Similar to igneous rocks found in Earth’s crust
• Breccia- contain fragments of other rocks fused together
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Comparison of the Near and Far Sides
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So where did the moon come from?
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The Spin or Fission Theory
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The Capture Theory
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Failed Planet Theory
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The Giant Impact Theory
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Giant Impact Theory
• Formed 4-5 billion years ago
• Caused by impact of Mars-sized “planetesimal” on Earth
• Debris melted together to form the Moon
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Movements of the Moon
• Revolution: the Moon orbits the Earth every 27.3 days
• Rotation – Moon turns on its axis every 27.3 days
• We always see the same side of the Moon because its period of rotation equals its revolution!
• This is called synchronous rotation.
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Earth
Moon
MoonPlane of earth’s orbit
Plane of lunar orbit
Orbital Planes of the Earth and Moon
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The Earth-Moon System
• Apogee- point at which the Moon is farthest from Earth
• Perigee- point at which the Moon is closest to Earth
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Illumination of the Moon• Moonlight is reflected sunlight• Half the moon’s surface is ALWAYS
reflecting light
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Illumination of the Moon
• Waxing- occurs when the size of the lighted part of the Moon is increasing
• Waning- occurs when the size of the lighted part of the Moon is decreasing
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Phases of the Moon• From Earth we see different amounts of the
Moon’s lit surface• The amount we can see is called a “phase”
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starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/phases.html
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Phases by Day
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Phases
PHASEAPPROXIMATE
DURATION
NEW 1 DAY
WAXING CRESCENT
SEVERAL DAYS
1ST QUARTER 1 DAY
WAXING GIBBOUS
SEVERAL DAYS
FULL 1 DAY
WANING GIBBOUS
SEVERAL DAYS
LAST QUARTER 1 Day
WANING CRESCENT
SEVERAL DAYS
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Moon Phases Video
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Eclipses• Eclipses are caused when one celestial
body passes through the shadow of another
• The Sun and Moon occasionally line up with the Earth so that an eclipse occurs
• A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun and the shadow of the Moon falls on the Earth
• A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon and the shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon
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Solar Eclipses• When the Moon’s shadow covers part of the
Earth• Only happens at New Moon• Observers in the “umbra” see a total eclipse
(corona is visible)• Those in the “penumbra” see a partial eclipse• Save the date! The next U.S. total solar eclipse
will occur 21 August 2017!
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Total Solar Eclipse
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• When the Earth’s shadow covers the Moon• A total lunar eclipse occurs when the entire
Moon passes into the Earth’s umbra• A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only part
of the Moon passes into the Earth’s umbra• A penumbral eclipse occurs when the entire
Moon passes into the Earth’s penumbra
Lunar Eclipses
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Lunar Eclipses
• Even during a total lunar eclipse, sunlight is bent around Earth through the atmosphere
• The Moon is visible and appears to have a reddish tint
• Save the date! The next U.S. total lunar eclipse will occur 21 December 2010!
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The Tides• The Moon’s gravity
tugs on the Earth. – It pulls the most on
the part of Earth closest and least on the farthest causing tidal bulges
• High tide –– Side facing Moon and
side away from Moon
• Low tide –– On sides of Earth
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Tidal Patterns
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Time for reflection!
Think back to your lunar modeling activity…
Have your preconceptions changed? How?
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THE END