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Chapter 28

The Islamic Empires

The Islamic empires, 1500-1800

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p ,

The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923)

Osman leads bands of semi-nomadic Turks to becomeghazi: Muslim religiouswarriors

Captures Anatolia with light

cavalry and volunteer infantry Later, heavy cavalry

In the Balkans, forcedChristian families to

surrender young boys tomilitary service: devshirme Often grew up to be exceptionally

loyal Janissaries

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Mehmed II(the Conqueror, r. 1451-1481)

Capture of Constantinople,1453

Renamed Istanbul

Transformation fromwarrior sultan to emperoroftwo lands (Europe,Asia) and two seas (BlackSea, Mediterranean)

Planned to capture Pope,unsuccessful

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Suleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)

Expanded into Asia,Europe

Besieged Vienna,1529

Develops naval power

I think Ill put popcorn in

my hat when I go to themovies!

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg

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The Safavid Empire Ismailyoung military leader, r. 1501-1524

Orphaned, parents killed by enemies Becomes Shah, proclaims official religion of realm Twelver Shiism Twelve infallible imams after Muhammad 12th imam in hiding, ready to take power Wore distinctive red hat, calledquzilbash(red heads)

Empire called Safavid, after Safi al-Din, Sufi thinker

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg

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Shiite Pilgrims at Karbala

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Battle of Chaldiran (1514) Ottoman Selim the Grim

attacks Safavids

Heavy use of Ottomangunpowder technology give themthe upper hand

Ismail escapes, two centuriesof ongoing conflict ensues

Shah Abbas the Great (r.1588-1629) revitalizesweakened Safavid empire Reforms administration, military Expands trade

Military expansion

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The Mughal Empire

Zahir al-Din Muhammad (Baburthe Tiger), was a Chagatai Turk, invades

northern India for plunder, 1523

Gunpowder technology gives Babur

advantage

Founds Mughal dynasty (Persianfor Mongol)

Expands through most of Indiansubcontinent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baburnama.jpg

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Akbar (r. 1556-1605) AkbarGrandson of Babur

Wins fear and respect afterthrowing Adham Khan, leaderof the army, out the windowtwice Second time just to make sure he

was dead

Created centralized government

Destroyed Hindu kingdom ofVijayanagar

Religiously tolerant,promoted Divine Faith Syncretic form of Islam and

Hinduism

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Aurangzeb (r. 1659-1707)

Expands Mughal empireinto southern India

Hostile to Hinduism Demolished Hindu temples,replaced with mosques

Tax on Hindus to

encourage conversion

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Common ElementsofOttoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires

1. Empires based on military conquest =(gunpowder empires)

2. Prestige of dynasty dependent on piety and military

prowess of the rulerClose relations with Sufism,ghazitradition

3. Steppe Turkish traditionsA. Issuance of unilateral decrees

B. Intra-family conflicts over power1. 1595 Sultan massacres 19 brothers (some infants),2. 15 expectant women (strangulation with silk)

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Women and Politics Women officially banned

from political activity

But tradition of reveringmothers, 1st wives fromChinggis Khan

Sleyman the Magnificentdefers to concubineHrrem Sultana

(marries her)!

Originally Roxelana, Ukrainianwoman

Convinces husband to murdereldest son in favor of her own

child

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Anton_Hickel_001.JPG

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Agriculture and Trade

American crops effect less dramatic change inMuslim empires Coffee, tobacco important

Initial opposition from conservative circles, fearing lax

morality of coffee houses Population growth also reflects territorial additions

and losses

Trade with English East India Company, French East

India Company, and Dutch VOC

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Population Growth

0

2040

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1500 1600 1700 1800

Mughal

Safavid

Ottoman

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Religious Diversity

1. Ottoman Empire:

1. Christians, Jews

2. Safavid Empire:

1. Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians

3. Mughal Empire:

1. Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, Christians, Sikhs Mughal Akbar most tolerant Received Jesuits politely, but resented Christian exclusivity

Enthusiastic about syncretic Sikhism, self-serving Divine Faith

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Status of Religious Minorities

Non-Muslim protected people:

Known as thedhimmi Payment of special tax:jizya

Freedom of worship, property, legal affairs

Ottoman communities: milletsystem of self-administration

Mughal rule:

Muslims supreme, but work in tandem withHindus Under Akbar,jizyaabolished

Reaction under Aurangzeb

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Topkapi_Palace_Hagia_Sophia_Blue_Mosque.jpg

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Istanbul cultural capital of Ottoman empire, massive

monumental architectureRededication of Hagia Sofia church as Aya Sofiya mosque

Isfahan major Persian city

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Ali-qapu-rooz.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Topkapi_Palace_Hagia_Sophia_Blue_Mosque.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Panoramic_vie_of_Fahpur_Sikri_Palace.jpg

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Akbar builds magnificent Fatehpur Sikri Chooses site without sufficient water supply, later abandoned

Taj Mahal example of Mughal architecture

D f l L d h

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Panoramic_vie_of_Fahpur_Sikri_Palace.jpg

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Deterioration of Imperial Leadership

1. Ottoman princes become lazythrough luxury

1. Selim the Sot (r. 1566-1574)2. Ibrahim the Mad (r.1640-1648)(Where else did this happen?) Attempts to isolate princes just

compounds the problem Religious tensions between

conservatives and liberals intensify1. Role of women

2. Wahhabi movement(to purifyIslam) in Arabia denouncesOttomans as unfit to rule

1. Force destruction of observatory,printing press (too western)!

3. Safavid ShiitespersecuteSunnis, non-Muslims and even

Sufis

E d l l

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibrahim_Deli.jpg

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Economic and Military Decline

Foreigntrade controlled byEuropeans

Military, administrative networkexpensive to maintain Janissaries mutiny when paid with debased

coinage, 1589, other revolts follow

Unproductive wars

European military technologyadvancesfaster than Ottomanscan purchase it

l l

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Cultural Conservatism

Europeans actively studying Islamic cultures for purposes

of trade, missionary activities

Islamic empires less interested in outside world

Swiftly fell behind in technological development E.g. Jews from Spain establish 1st printing press in Anatolia in

late 15th century But printing of books in Turkish and Arabic forbidden until 1729

Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of dissemination (Just meansspreadin knowledge)

Spittin facs

like an almanac!