Chapter 28 Cold War and a New Western World, 1945 - 1970.
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Transcript of Chapter 28 Cold War and a New Western World, 1945 - 1970.
Chapter 28
Cold War and a New Western World,
1945 - 1970
Timeline
Confrontation of the SuperpowersDisagreement over Eastern Europe
United States and Britain championed self-determination and democracySoviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary
Truman Doctrine, March 12, 1947Civil war in Greece and Turkey
Marshall Plan, June 1947, European Recovery Program$13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn EuropeSoviet view
The American Policy of ContainmentContention over Germany
Soviets dismantle and remove factoriesBlockade of Berlin, 1948-1949Germany separated, 1949
• West German Federal Republic, September• German Democratic Republic, October
New Military AlliancesSoviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, 1949North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949Warsaw Pact, 1955
Globalization of the Cold War
The Korean WarNorth Koreans invaded the south, 1950Chinese intervene when UN troops approach the borderUneasy truce, 1953
Escalation of the Cold WarPolicy of massive retaliationCentral Treaty OrganizationSoutheast Asia Treaty Organization
Another Berlin CrisisVulnerability of BerlinICBM missile and Sputnik I launchedSummit meeting in ViennaBerlin Wall, 1961
Map 28.1: The New European Alliance Systems in the 1950s and 1960s
The Cuban Missile CrisisFidel Castro (b. 1927)
Overthrows Fulgencio Batista, 1959Established a communist regime
Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961Discovery by US of missile bases being builtPresident John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of CubaKhrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba
The Vietnam WarPresident Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965Domino Theory
If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations inn Asia would fall to communism
President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) vows to bring an honorable endBegins withdrawing troopsPeace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops
DecolonizationAfrica: The Struggle for Independence
Kwame Nkrumah; Convention People’s PartyJomo Kenyatta; Kenya African National UnionFrench in North Africa
• Granted full independence to Morocco and Tunisia in 1956• Guerrilla war in Algeria
South Africa• African National Congress• Apartheid• Nelson Mandela
Ghana was the first to gain independence, 1957Others followed
• Portuguese gave up Angola and Mozambique, 1975
Map 28.2: Decolonization in Africa
Conflict in the Middle EastEmergence of new independent statesArab League, 1945The Question of Palestine
Zionists wanted Palestine for a homelandAfter World War II sympathy grew for the JewsPresident Truman approves the idea of an independent Jewish state within PalestineIsrael proclaimed a state, May 14, 1948The move angers the Arab states
Nasser and Pan-ArabismColonel Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918 – 1970) seized control of Egyptian government in 1954Suez conflictPan-Arabism and the United Arab Republic
The Arab-Israeli DisputePalestine Liberation Organization formed in 1964Yasir Arafat (1929 – 2004)June 5, 1967, the Six Day War beginsYom Kippur, 1973: Egypt attacks Israel
Map 28.3: Decolonization in the Middle East
Asia: Nationalism and Communism
Philippines granted independence, 1946
IndiaMuslims and Hindus
Divided between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan
Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, January 30, 1948
British grant independence to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar)
French efforts to keep Vietnam
China Under Communism
Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975)
Mao Zedong (1893-1976)Victory in 1948
Chiang Kai-shek goes to the Island of Taiwan
Collectivization of all farmland and most industry and commerce nationalized, 1955
Great Leap Forward, 1958
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976• Red Guards
Map 28.4: Decolonization in Asia
Decolonization and Cold War Rivalries
Newly independent nations caught in U.S. – Soviet conflict
Jawaharlal Nehru and Nonalignment
IndonesiaSukarno and Suharto
The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev
Stalin’s Policies Stalin’s method for the recovery of the Soviet UnionBy 1947 the Soviet Union had attained pre-war levels of industrial productionVery few consumer goods producedStalin continued his iron rule until his death in 1953
Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)Ends the forced labor campsCondemns Stalinist programsThere seem to be a loosening of restraint Encourages rebellion in satellite nations
• Rebellions will be crushedAgricultural setbacksIndustrial decline
Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain
In 1945 Soviet Union occupied all of the BalkansCommunist governments were under the control of the Soviet UnionAlbania and Yugoslavia were the exceptions
Albania had a Stalinist type regime, but became more and more independentJosip Broz, Tito, took control of Yugoslavia
Eastern European countries followed the Soviet patternFive year plansFarm collectivization
Upheaval in Eastern EuropeKhrushchev interferes less with the satellite countriesRebellion in Poland
• Wladyslaw Gomulka , 1956, elected first secretary• Poland follows its own socialist plan
Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain: Hungary
Hungary, 1956This time dissent was directed at communism as wellDissatisfaction and economic problems creates tense situationImry Nagy (1896-1958) declares Hungary free, November 1, 1956Promises free electionsSoviet Union attacks Budapest, November Janos Kadar (1912-1989) replaced Nagy
“Blood in the Water” at
Melbourne Olympics
Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain: Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia, 1968Antonin Novotny (1904-1975) – “The Little Stalin”
• Policies alienate comrades• Late 1967 writers’ rebellion – Vaclav Havel
Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992). Initiated reforms = “Prague Spring”• Freedom of Speech/Press/Travel; curbs Secret Police
“Communism with a human face”Calls for more far-reaching reforms: neutrality, w/draw from Soviet BlocReform crushed by the Warsaw Pact
• Albania & Romania refuse to take part – Albania pulls out of Soviet Bloc• 72 Czechs/Slovaks killed, 266 severely wounded
Student Jan Palach immolates himself, Wenceslas Sq. 16 Jan 69• 2 other students follow Feb 69, April 69
Long-term consequences: Disillusionment among remaining Western European Leftists w/ Marxism-Leninism
Alexander Dubcek
“Communism with
a Human Face”
Shrine to Jan Palach
January 1969
Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy
Europe recovered rapidly from World War IIMarshall Plan money was important to the recoveryFrance: The Domination of De Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970)• Feels he has mission to reestablish the greatness of France
Algerian crisis -- Battle of Algiers (movie)Defeat in Indochina -- Dien Bien Phu 1954Fifth Republic, 1958
• Powers of the President enhanced
Invested heavily in the nuclear arms race -- but failure to become a major world powerEconomic growthStudent riots, May 1968Resignation of de Gaulle, April 1969
Charles De Gaulle
French
Equitorial
Africa
(1958)
Dien Bien Phu: French forces surrounded, surrender
Loss of French Indochina
Paris, May-June 1968
Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy
West Germany: A Reconceived NationKonrad Adenauer (1876-1967) Der AlteReconciliation with France1955 Rearmament & NATOResurrection of the economyAdenauer succeeded by Ludwig Erhard.
Great Britain: The Welfare StateClement Atlee (1883-1967)
• British Welfare State• Meant dismantling of the British Empire
Continued economic problems – trade unions force wages higher than productivity allowed
Italy: Weak Coalition GovernmentPostwar reconstruction – 2nd to Ger. in destructionAlcide de Gaspari (prime minister, 1948 – 1953) – Christian DemocratsUnstable political coalitions – exclusion of Communist PartyItaly’s “economic miracle” – but: South still backward
Western Europe: The Move Toward Unity
Experience of two World Wars!1st economic, then political
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) – Fr. Ger., Benelux, Italy
1957 = EURATOM peaceful atomic energy use
European Economic Community (Common Market/EEC 1957)
No internal customs barriers = Free TradeCommon external tariff protects Eur. industry
American Politics and Society in the 1950s
Influence of the New DealNew Deal influence continued by Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson
Prosperity of the 1950’s
McCarthyism and the “Red Scare”
Decade of Upheaval: America in the 1960’s
Johnson and the Great SocietyWar on PovertyJob CorpsDepartment of Housing and Urban Development
Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Act, 1964Voting Rights Act, 1965Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference• Assassinated, 1968
Malcolm XSummer of 1965
Antiwar ProtestsKent State University, 1970
The Development of Canada
Economic Development
Military ConcernsSupports the United Nations
NORAD
The Emergence of a New Society
The Structure of European SocietyMiddle class joined by new group of white collar workers
Further urbanization
Rising income – consumer society• Automobile: 5m 1948; 15m 1957; 45m 1960s
• NOT in Eastern Europe!
Mass tourism & leisure• ↓ Work hours; ↑ Paid Holidays
Camping on the
Adriatic coast of
Italy, 1960s
Consumer Culture:
French Refrigerator
1959
VW Beetles
1954
French Renault, 1957
East German Trabant
Advertisement for
Swiss Train
Ski Vacations
1950s
Creation of the Welfare StateHistory of Social Welfare Policies
Origins: Bismark, English Reforms
Extension of old benefits and creation of new ones
Soc. Sec; Medical Care; Family Allowances
Removal of class barriersUniversities
Increase in state spending on social services
Gender IssuesWork, motherhood, and individual rights
G.B., Ger. Discriminate against working ♀
Women in the Postwar Western WorldParticipation in the workforce declines until end of 1950s
“Baby Boom”Birth control (the “pill”) = smaller families
Increased employment in the 1960s
Feminist Movement: The Quest for LiberationRight to vote
Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986)• The Second Sex, 1949
Betty Friedan (b. 1921)• The Feminine Mystique
• National Organization for Women (NOW)
Social RevolutionsThe Permissive Society
Sexual revolution – Sweden 1st
Breakdown of the traditional family – ↑ Divorce Rates
Drug culture
Education and Student RevoltHigher education becoming more widespread
Problems• Overcrowding
• Professors who paid too little attention to students
• Authoritative administrators
• Seemingly irrelevant education
Student strikes in France, 1968
Protest Western society and the war in Vietnam
London Anti-Vietnam War Demonstration, March 1968
Rolling Stones Concert, London, 1969 Norway, “Hippie” Wedding
Postwar Art and LiteratureArt
Jean DubuffetAbstract Impressionism
• Jackson Pollock (1912 – 1956)
Pop Art• Andy Warhol (1930 – 1987)
LiteratureTheater of the Absurd
• Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot• Günter Grass, The Tin Drum
The Philosophical Dilemma: Existentialism
ExistentialismJean-Paul Sartre (1905 – 1980)
Albert Camus (1913 – 1960) The Stranger
The Revival of ReligionKarl Barth (1886 – 1968)
Karl Rahner (1904 – 1984)
Vatican II -- moves towards liberalization, modernization
The Explosion of Popular Culture
Culture as a Consumer CommodityLink between mass culture and mass consumer society
The Americanization of the WorldUS influence on world cultureMoviesTelevisionPopular music
“Beatle Mania” London, 1965
Fashion Models
London
1969
Discussion Questions
What factors contributed to postwar decolonization?
Compare and contrast Khrushchev and Stalin’s approach to Eastern Europe.
What prevented France from becoming the third super power that De Gaulle dreamed it could be?
What were the most important social changes of the 1970s?
Web Links
The Cold War Museum
Vietnam Online
The Women's Rights Movement, 1848 – 1998
Primary Sources: Decolonization
Cuban Missile Crisis