Chapter 27: WWII By: Sarah Phillips. Map of Europe Before the War.

Chapter 27: Chapter 27: WWIIWWII

By: Sarah PhillipsBy: Sarah Phillips

Map of Europe Before Map of Europe Before the Warthe War

Before the War (1933-Before the War (1933-1939)1939)

Hitler’s Role Hitler’s Role Germans were threatened by the Slavs. Germans were threatened by the Slavs.

AryansAryans were the superior race. were the superior race. Believed in Believed in LebensraumLebensraum Russian Revolution created conditions for Russian Revolution created conditions for

Germany’s acquisition of the east.Germany’s acquisition of the east. ““Diplomatic Revolution”Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1936) (1933-1936)

Hitler became chancellor of Germany Jan. 30, Hitler became chancellor of Germany Jan. 30, 19331933

Emphasized that Germany only wanted to Emphasized that Germany only wanted to revise the Versailles treaty by peaceful means.revise the Versailles treaty by peaceful means.

Oct. 1933 Hitler withdrew Germany from the Oct. 1933 Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations.League of Nations.

Before the WarBefore the War ““Diplomatic Revolution”Diplomatic Revolution”

Hitler believed France and Britain wouldn’t take Hitler believed France and Britain wouldn’t take action against him.action against him.

March 9, 1935 Hitler announced the creation of a March 9, 1935 Hitler announced the creation of a new air force and the introduction of a military new air force and the introduction of a military draft that would expand the army from 100,000 draft that would expand the army from 100,000 to 550,000.to 550,000.

France, Great Britain, and Italy warned Hitler France, Great Britain, and Italy warned Hitler but no action was taken.but no action was taken.

Germany agreed to the Germany agreed to the Anglo-German Naval Anglo-German Naval PactPact June 18, 1935. June 18, 1935.

The pact allowed Germany to build a navy that would The pact allowed Germany to build a navy that would be 35% of the size of the British navy with equal be 35% of the size of the British navy with equal submarines.submarines.

Before the WarBefore the War ““Diplomatic Revolution”Diplomatic Revolution”

British started a policy of appeasement based on British started a policy of appeasement based on their desire to avoid war.their desire to avoid war.

March 7, 1936 Hitler sent troops into the March 7, 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland.Rhineland. France didn’t act because they France didn’t act because they needed the support of Britain.needed the support of Britain.

Oct 1936 Mussolini and Hitler made the Oct 1936 Mussolini and Hitler made the Rome-Rome-Berlin AxisBerlin Axis..

Nov. 1936 Germany and Japan made the Anti-Nov. 1936 Germany and Japan made the Anti-Comintern PactComintern Pact

““Diplomatic Revolution” was achieved by the Diplomatic Revolution” was achieved by the end of 1936end of 1936

Before the WarBefore the War Path to War in Europe (1937-1939)Path to War in Europe (1937-1939)

Nov. 5, 1937, Hitler announced his future aims: Nov. 5, 1937, Hitler announced his future aims: conquest of living space in the east.conquest of living space in the east.

ChamberlainChamberlain, prime minister of Britain, was a , prime minister of Britain, was a strong advocate of strong advocate of appeasement.appeasement.

Hitler threatened Austria with an invasion and Hitler threatened Austria with an invasion and coerced the Austrian chancellor, von Schuschnigg, coerced the Austrian chancellor, von Schuschnigg, into putting Austrian Nazis in control.into putting Austrian Nazis in control.

The new Austrian government invited German The new Austrian government invited German troops to enter Austria,troops to enter Austria,

March 13, 1938, Hitler annexed Austria to March 13, 1938, Hitler annexed Austria to Germany.Germany.

Before the WarBefore the War The Path to War in EuropeThe Path to War in Europe

Germany asked for the Germany asked for the SudetenlandSudetenland in in Czechoslovakia that was home to 3 million Germans.Czechoslovakia that was home to 3 million Germans.

Sept. 15, 1938 Hitler demanded the cession of the Sept. 15, 1938 Hitler demanded the cession of the Sudetenland to Germany with threats of “world war.”Sudetenland to Germany with threats of “world war.”

At the At the Munich ConferenceMunich Conference, Sept. 29, the British, , Sept. 29, the British, French, Germans and Italians reached an agreement French, Germans and Italians reached an agreement that met all of Germany’s goals.that met all of Germany’s goals.

German troops were allowed to occupy the German troops were allowed to occupy the Sudetenland,Sudetenland,

Was the high point of Western appeasement of Was the high point of Western appeasement of Hitler.Hitler.

Chamberlain boasted that the agreement meant Chamberlain boasted that the agreement meant “peace for our time.”“peace for our time.”


Hitler prepared for full liquidation of Hitler prepared for full liquidation of Czechoslovakia Oct. 1938Czechoslovakia Oct. 1938

The Slovaks declared their independence of the The Slovaks declared their independence of the Czechs and became a puppet state of Germany.Czechs and became a puppet state of Germany.

Hitler began to demand the return to Germany of Hitler began to demand the return to Germany of Danzig. Britain offered to protect Poland in the Danzig. Britain offered to protect Poland in the event of war.event of war.

France and Britain began to make political and France and Britain began to make political and military negotiations with Stalin but had no success.military negotiations with Stalin but had no success.

Hitler ordered Germany to prepare for the invasion Hitler ordered Germany to prepare for the invasion of Poland on Sept. 1, 1939.of Poland on Sept. 1, 1939.


Hitler negotiated a Hitler negotiated a non-aggression pactnon-aggression pact with with Stalin on Aug. 13, 1939.Stalin on Aug. 13, 1939.

Hitler would conquer west Poland while the Hitler would conquer west Poland while the Soviets conquered the east.Soviets conquered the east.

Britain and France declared war on Germany Britain and France declared war on Germany Sept. 3, 1939.Sept. 3, 1939.

Sept. 17 the Soviets sent troops into east Poland. Sept. 17 the Soviets sent troops into east Poland. The Path to War in AsiaThe Path to War in Asia

By the early 1930s Japan was experiencing By the early 1930s Japan was experiencing severe internal tensions.severe internal tensions.

Before the WarBefore the War The Path to War in AsiaThe Path to War in Asia

Population rose from 30 million in 1870 to 80 Population rose from 30 million in 1870 to 80 million by 1937million by 1937

Tariff barriers made by Western nations in the Tariff barriers made by Western nations in the 1930s devastated Japan economically and 1930s devastated Japan economically and politically.politically.

Right-wing patriotic societies allied themselves Right-wing patriotic societies allied themselves with the army and navy to push a program of with the army and navy to push a program of expansion at the expense of China and the Soviet expansion at the expense of China and the Soviet Union, while the navy hoped to conquer British Union, while the navy hoped to conquer British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies.Malaya and the Dutch East Indies.

In 1935, Japan began to construct a modern naval In 1935, Japan began to construct a modern naval fleet, and after 1936, the armed forces exercised fleet, and after 1936, the armed forces exercised much influence over government.much influence over government.

Before the WarBefore the War The Path to War in AsiaThe Path to War in Asia

Sept 1931. Japanese soldiers seized Manchuria/Sept 1931. Japanese soldiers seized Manchuria/ManchukoManchuko.. League of Nations condemned Japan, so Japan withdrew.League of Nations condemned Japan, so Japan withdrew. Japanese were granted authority to administer areas of Japanese were granted authority to administer areas of

North China but conflicts arose.North China but conflicts arose. July 1937 a clash between Chinese and Japanese forces July 1937 a clash between Chinese and Japanese forces

broke out at the Marco Polo Bridge. Was a major conflict.broke out at the Marco Polo Bridge. Was a major conflict. Japanese advanced up the Yangtze valley and seized the Japanese advanced up the Yangtze valley and seized the

Chinese capital on Nanjing but Kai-shek refused to Chinese capital on Nanjing but Kai-shek refused to capitulate and moved his government to Hankou.capitulate and moved his government to Hankou.

When Japanese occupied Indochina in July 1941, the When Japanese occupied Indochina in July 1941, the Americans cut off sales of scrap iron and oil to Japan.Americans cut off sales of scrap iron and oil to Japan.

The Japanese attacked The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor out of spite for out of spite for America’s actions.America’s actions.

The Course of WWIIThe Course of WWII Victory and StalemateVictory and Stalemate

Hitler unleashed a Hitler unleashed a BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg and stunned and stunned Europe with its speed and efficiency.Europe with its speed and efficiency.

Panzer divisions supported by airplanes Panzer divisions supported by airplanes quickly broke through Polish lines.quickly broke through Polish lines.

Regular infantry units then moved in to hold Regular infantry units then moved in to hold the newly conquered land.the newly conquered land.

Soon after, Soviet forces attacked eastern Soon after, Soviet forces attacked eastern Poland. Poland surrendered within 4 weeks.Poland. Poland surrendered within 4 weeks.

Sept 28, 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union Sept 28, 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union officially divided Poland between them.officially divided Poland between them.


Between 1930 and 1935 France built the Between 1930 and 1935 France built the Maginot LineMaginot Line along its border with Germany. along its border with Germany.

After a winter of waiting for attack (“phony war”) After a winter of waiting for attack (“phony war”) Hitler resumed war on France April 9, 1940 with Hitler resumed war on France April 9, 1940 with another another Blitzkrieg Blitzkrieg against Denmark and Norway.against Denmark and Norway.

May 10, the Germans launched their attack on May 10, the Germans launched their attack on the Netherlands, Belgium, and France.the Netherlands, Belgium, and France.

The main assault through the Ardennes forest The main assault through the Ardennes forest and Luxembourg was a surprise. They broke and Luxembourg was a surprise. They broke through the Maginot Line and raced across through the Maginot Line and raced across northern France.northern France.


The French troops and the entire British army The French troops and the entire British army were trapped on the beaches of were trapped on the beaches of DunkirkDunkirk. . 330,000 were saved by British civilians.330,000 were saved by British civilians.

On June 5, the Germans launched another On June 5, the Germans launched another offensive into southern France.offensive into southern France.

June 10, Mussolini declared war on France and June 10, Mussolini declared war on France and invaded from the south.invaded from the south.

The French surrendered on June 22.The French surrendered on June 22. German armies occupied 3/5ths of France while German armies occupied 3/5ths of France while

Petain established a Vichy France over the Petain established a Vichy France over the remainder.remainder.


May 10, 1940, May 10, 1940, ChurchillChurchill replaced Chamberlain. replaced Chamberlain. Germany hoped Britain would make peaces but Germany hoped Britain would make peaces but

Churchill refused so Hitler prepared for an invasion of Churchill refused so Hitler prepared for an invasion of Britain.Britain.

Hitler knew an invasion would only be possible if he Hitler knew an invasion would only be possible if he controlled the air.controlled the air.

August 1940, the August 1940, the Luftwaffe Luftwaffe launched an offensive launched an offensive against British air and naval bases, harbors, against British air and naval bases, harbors, communications centers and war industries.communications centers and war industries.

The Ultra intelligence operation gave the British air The Ultra intelligence operation gave the British air force information about the specific targets of German force information about the specific targets of German air attacks.air attacks.


In Sept. Hitler ordered a shift from military targets In Sept. Hitler ordered a shift from military targets to massive bombing of cities to break the British to massive bombing of cities to break the British moral in retaliation to a British bombing on Berlin.moral in retaliation to a British bombing on Berlin.

The British rebuilt their air strength.The British rebuilt their air strength. By the end of Sept., Germany lost the By the end of Sept., Germany lost the Battle of Battle of

BritainBritain.. Hitler pursued a Mediterranean strategy which Hitler pursued a Mediterranean strategy which

would involve capturing Egypt and the Suez Canal would involve capturing Egypt and the Suez Canal and closing the Mediterranean to British ships, and closing the Mediterranean to British ships, cutting off Britain’s oil supply. The strategy failed.cutting off Britain’s oil supply. The strategy failed.

July 1940 Hitler told his army leaders to begin July 1940 Hitler told his army leaders to begin preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union.preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union.


To secure Hitler’s Balkan flank, German troops To secure Hitler’s Balkan flank, German troops seized both Yugoslavia and Greece in April 1941.seized both Yugoslavia and Greece in April 1941.

They invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.They invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. By Nov. one Germany army group swept through By Nov. one Germany army group swept through

the Ukraine while a second was besieging the Ukraine while a second was besieging Leningrad; a third approached Moscow.Leningrad; a third approached Moscow.

A counterattack in Dec. 1941 by the Soviets A counterattack in Dec. 1941 by the Soviets exhausted by Nazi victories ended the year for the exhausted by Nazi victories ended the year for the Germans.Germans.

The Course of WWIIThe Course of WWII The War in AsiaThe War in Asia

Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.

Dec 8 the U.S. declared war on Japan.Dec 8 the U.S. declared war on Japan. 3 days later Hitler declared war on the U.S.3 days later Hitler declared war on the U.S. Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies and Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies and

occupied islands in the Pacific.occupied islands in the Pacific. By the spring of 1942 almost all of South East Asia By the spring of 1942 almost all of South East Asia

and much of the West Pacific had fallen into and much of the West Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands.Japanese hands.

Tokyo created the Tokyo created the Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Great East Asia Co-Prosperity SphereSphere and announced its intention to liberate the and announced its intention to liberate the colonial areas of South East Asia from Western colonial areas of South East Asia from Western colonial rule.colonial rule.

The Course of WWIIThe Course of WWII The Turning Point of the War (1942-1943)The Turning Point of the War (1942-1943)

The entry of the U.S. created the The entry of the U.S. created the Grand AllianceGrand Alliance that that ultimately defeated the Axis powers.ultimately defeated the Axis powers.

The 3 major allies had to overcome some mutual suspicions.The 3 major allies had to overcome some mutual suspicions. 2 factors aided the process:2 factors aided the process:

Americans had to accepts the British and Soviet Americans had to accepts the British and Soviet contention that the defeat of Germany should be first contention that the defeat of Germany should be first priority for the U.S.priority for the U.S.

U.S. increased the quantity of trucks, planes, and U.S. increased the quantity of trucks, planes, and other arms they sent to the British and Soviets.other arms they sent to the British and Soviets.

The tacit agreement of the 3 chief Allies to stress military The tacit agreement of the 3 chief Allies to stress military operations while ignoring political differences and larger operations while ignoring political differences and larger strategic issues concerning any postwar settlement.strategic issues concerning any postwar settlement.

The Course of WWIIThe Course of WWII The Turning Point of the WarThe Turning Point of the War

At the beginning of 1943, the Allies agreed to fight until At the beginning of 1943, the Allies agreed to fight until the Axis powers surrendered unconditionally.the Axis powers surrendered unconditionally.

Reinforcements in North Africa enabled the Afrika Korps Reinforcements in North Africa enabled the Afrika Korps under General Rommel to break through the British under General Rommel to break through the British defenses in Egypt and advance toward Alexandria.defenses in Egypt and advance toward Alexandria.

Spring 1942 a renewed German offensive in the Soviet Spring 1942 a renewed German offensive in the Soviet union led to the capture of the entire Crimea.union led to the capture of the entire Crimea.

In North Africa British forces stopped Rommel’s troops In North Africa British forces stopped Rommel’s troops at El Alamein in the summer of 1942.at El Alamein in the summer of 1942.

In Nov. 1942 British and American forces invaded In Nov. 1942 British and American forces invaded French North Africa and forced the German and Italian French North Africa and forced the German and Italian troops to surrender in May 1943.troops to surrender in May 1943.

The Course of WWIIThe Course of WWII The Turning Point of the WarThe Turning Point of the War

Between Nov. 1942 and Feb. 1943 German troops were Between Nov. 1942 and Feb. 1943 German troops were stopped in stopped in StalingradStalingrad, then encircled, and finally , then encircled, and finally forced to surrender on Feb. 2, 1943.forced to surrender on Feb. 2, 1943.

The entire German 6The entire German 6thth Army of 300,00 men was lost. Army of 300,00 men was lost. By Feb. 1943, German forces in the Soviet Union were By Feb. 1943, German forces in the Soviet Union were

back to their positions of June 1942.back to their positions of June 1942. In the Battle of the Coral Sea on May 7-8, 1942, In the Battle of the Coral Sea on May 7-8, 1942,

American naval forces stopped the Japanese advance American naval forces stopped the Japanese advance and temporarily relieved Australia of the threat of an and temporarily relieved Australia of the threat of an invasion.invasion.

June 4, at the June 4, at the Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway Island, American Island, American planes destroyed all 4 Japanese aircraft carriers and planes destroyed all 4 Japanese aircraft carriers and established naval superiority in the Pacific.established naval superiority in the Pacific.

The Course of WWIIThe Course of WWII The Last Years of the WarThe Last Years of the War

After the Axis forces surrendered in Tunisia on May After the Axis forces surrendered in Tunisia on May 13, 1943 the Allies crossed the Mediterranean and 13, 1943 the Allies crossed the Mediterranean and carried war to Italy.carried war to Italy.

After taking Sicily, Allied troops began the invasion After taking Sicily, Allied troops began the invasion of the mainland of Italy in Sept.of the mainland of Italy in Sept.

Rome did not fall to the Allies till June 4, 1944.Rome did not fall to the Allies till June 4, 1944. Allies tricked Germans into believing that the Allies tricked Germans into believing that the

invasion would come on the flat plains of North invasion would come on the flat plains of North France.France.

Instead the Allies, under command of Eisenhower, Instead the Allies, under command of Eisenhower, landed 5 assault divisions on the landed 5 assault divisions on the NormandyNormandy beaches on June 6.beaches on June 6.

Forces established a beachhead.Forces established a beachhead.


Within 3 months they had landed 2 million men Within 3 months they had landed 2 million men and a half-million vehicles that pushed inland and and a half-million vehicles that pushed inland and broke through German defensive lines.broke through German defensive lines.

Allied troops moved south and east and liberated Allied troops moved south and east and liberated Paris by Aug.Paris by Aug.

Battle of the Bulge showed the Allies advance.Battle of the Bulge showed the Allies advance. By March 1945 Allied armies crossed the Rhine By March 1945 Allied armies crossed the Rhine

Rivers and advanced further into Germany.Rivers and advanced further into Germany. At the end of April, Allied forces in North Germany At the end of April, Allied forces in North Germany

moved toward the Elbe River, where they linked moved toward the Elbe River, where they linked up with the Soviets.up with the Soviets.


German forces were defeated by the Soviets at German forces were defeated by the Soviets at the the Battle of KurskBattle of Kursk (July 5-12) the greatest (July 5-12) the greatest tank battle of WWII.tank battle of WWII.

Germans lost 18 of their best panzer divisions.Germans lost 18 of their best panzer divisions. Soviets occupied Ukraine by 1943.Soviets occupied Ukraine by 1943. Soviets occupied Warsaw in Jan. 1945 and Soviets occupied Warsaw in Jan. 1945 and

entered Berlin in April.entered Berlin in April. Jan. 1945 Hitler moved to a bunker under Berlin. Jan. 1945 Hitler moved to a bunker under Berlin.

He committed suicide on April 30.He committed suicide on April 30. May 7, German commanders surrendered.May 7, German commanders surrendered.


Beginning in 1943, American forces had gone Beginning in 1943, American forces had gone on the offensive and advanced across the on the offensive and advanced across the Pacific.Pacific.

Truman and his advisors became convinced that Truman and his advisors became convinced that American troops might suffer casualties so they American troops might suffer casualties so they dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.Nagasaki.

Japanese surrendered on Aug 14.Japanese surrendered on Aug 14. In WWII 17 million died in battle. 18 million In WWII 17 million died in battle. 18 million

civilians perished. Total losses estimated at 50 civilians perished. Total losses estimated at 50 million.million.

Map of Germany’s Map of Germany’s ExpansionExpansion

The New OrderThe New Order The Nazi EmpireThe Nazi Empire

Europe was split in 2 ways:Europe was split in 2 ways: Some states were directly annexed by Some states were directly annexed by

Germany and made into German provinces.Germany and made into German provinces. Most of Europe was administered by German Most of Europe was administered by German

officials combined with indirect control from officials combined with indirect control from collaborationist regimes.collaborationist regimes.

Racial considerations played an important role Racial considerations played an important role in how conquered peoples were treated in the in how conquered peoples were treated in the Nazi New Order.Nazi New Order.

German civil administrations were established German civil administrations were established in Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands in Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands because those people were considered Aryan.because those people were considered Aryan.


Inferior Latin peoples were given military Inferior Latin peoples were given military administration.administration.

By 1843 occupied territories of northern and By 1843 occupied territories of northern and western Europe were exploited for material western Europe were exploited for material goods and workers for Germany’s war needs.goods and workers for Germany’s war needs.

Nazis began to implement their racial program Nazis began to implement their racial program soon after the conquest of Poland.soon after the conquest of Poland.

Himmler was put in charge of German Himmler was put in charge of German resettlement plans in the east.resettlement plans in the east.

His task was to evacuate inferior people and His task was to evacuate inferior people and replace them with Germans.replace them with Germans.


By 1942, 2 million ethnic Germans had been By 1942, 2 million ethnic Germans had been settled in Poland.settled in Poland.

After war the Poles, Ukrainians, and Soviets After war the Poles, Ukrainians, and Soviets would become slave labor and German people would become slave labor and German people would settle on the land to Germanize them.would settle on the land to Germanize them.

In Eastern Europe, economic exploitation was In Eastern Europe, economic exploitation was direct and severe.direct and severe.

Germans seized raw materials, machines Germans seized raw materials, machines and food, leaving only enough to maintain and food, leaving only enough to maintain local peoples at a bare subsistence level.local peoples at a bare subsistence level.


In Western Europe military supplies, and In Western Europe military supplies, and important raw materials were taken.important raw materials were taken.

Labor shortages led to mobilization of foreign Labor shortages led to mobilization of foreign labor for Germany.labor for Germany.

4 million Soviet prisoners of war became a 4 million Soviet prisoners of war became a source of labor but 3 million died from neglect.source of labor but 3 million died from neglect.

In 1942 a special office was created to recruit In 1942 a special office was created to recruit labor for German farms and industries.labor for German farms and industries.

By 1944 7 million foreign workers were By 1944 7 million foreign workers were laboring in Germany.laboring in Germany.

The New OrderThe New Order Resistance MovementsResistance Movements

German policies toward conquered peoples lead to German policies toward conquered peoples lead to the emergence of resistance movements throughout the emergence of resistance movements throughout Europe.Europe.

Some anti-Nazi groups from occupied countries, Some anti-Nazi groups from occupied countries, such as the Free French movement under Charles such as the Free French movement under Charles de Gaulle, created governments-in-exile in London.de Gaulle, created governments-in-exile in London.

In Yugoslavia Josip Broz, known as Tito, led a band In Yugoslavia Josip Broz, known as Tito, led a band of guerrillas against German occupation forces.of guerrillas against German occupation forces.

Communists throughout Europe assumed Communists throughout Europe assumed leadership roles in underground resistance leadership roles in underground resistance movements, which led to conflict with other local movements, which led to conflict with other local resistance groups.resistance groups.


Women also joined these movements in large Women also joined these movements in large numbers.numbers.

Women served as message carriers, planted bombs Women served as message carriers, planted bombs in Nazi headquarters, assassinated Nazi officers, in Nazi headquarters, assassinated Nazi officers, published and spread anti-German underground published and spread anti-German underground newspapers, spied on German military movements newspapers, spied on German military movements and positions, and used shopping bags to carry and positions, and used shopping bags to carry weapons, medicines, and money to help their weapons, medicines, and money to help their causes.causes.

The White Rose movement in Germany involved an The White Rose movement in Germany involved an attempt by a small group at the University of attempt by a small group at the University of Munich to distribute pamphlets denouncing the Munich to distribute pamphlets denouncing the Nazi regime. The group was executed.Nazi regime. The group was executed.


Communist resistance groups were mostly Communist resistance groups were mostly crushed by the Gestapo.crushed by the Gestapo.

Colonel Count Claus von StauffenbergColonel Count Claus von Stauffenberg believed that only the elimination of Hitler believed that only the elimination of Hitler would bring the overthrow of the Nazi regime.would bring the overthrow of the Nazi regime.

On July 20, 1944, a bomb planted by On July 20, 1944, a bomb planted by Stauffenberg in Hitler’s East Prussian Stauffenberg in Hitler’s East Prussian headquarters exploded, but it failed to kill headquarters exploded, but it failed to kill Hitler.Hitler.

5,000 people were executed, and Hitler 5,000 people were executed, and Hitler remained in control of Germany.remained in control of Germany.

The New OrderThe New Order The HolocaustThe Holocaust

Racial struggle was a key element in Hitler’s Racial struggle was a key element in Hitler’s ideology: Aryan Vs Jewsideology: Aryan Vs Jews

By the beginning of 1939, Nazi policy focused on By the beginning of 1939, Nazi policy focused on promoting “emigration” of German Jews from promoting “emigration” of German Jews from Germany.Germany.

Once the war began in September 1939, there was Once the war began in September 1939, there was discussion of the discussion of the Madagascar PlanMadagascar Plan, which aspired , which aspired to the mass shipment of Jews to the island of to the mass shipment of Jews to the island of Madagascar. It was impracticable.Madagascar. It was impracticable.

The SS was given responsibility for the The SS was given responsibility for the Final Final SolutionSolution to the Jewish problem– the annihilation of to the Jewish problem– the annihilation of the Jewish people.the Jewish people.


Heydrich was given administrative responsibility Heydrich was given administrative responsibility for the Final Solution.for the Final Solution.

Heydrich ordered the special strike forces Heydrich ordered the special strike forces ((EinsatzgruppenEinsatzgruppen) that he had created to round up ) that he had created to round up all Polish Jews and concentrate them in ghettos.all Polish Jews and concentrate them in ghettos.

In June 1941, the Einsatzgruppen were given new In June 1941, the Einsatzgruppen were given new responsibilities as mobile killing units. This created responsibilities as mobile killing units. This created moral problems amongst the SS executioners.moral problems amongst the SS executioners.

The Nazis opted for the systematic annihilation of The Nazis opted for the systematic annihilation of the European Jewish population in specialty built the European Jewish population in specialty built death camps.death camps.


Jews from occupied countries would be collected, packed Jews from occupied countries would be collected, packed into freight trains, and shipped to Poland where 6 into freight trains, and shipped to Poland where 6 extermination centers were built.extermination centers were built.

The largest and most infamous was The largest and most infamous was Auschwitz-BirkenauAuschwitz-Birkenau.. Medical technicians chose Zyklon B as the most effective gas Medical technicians chose Zyklon B as the most effective gas

for quickly killing large numbers of people in gas chambers.for quickly killing large numbers of people in gas chambers. To inform party and state officials of the procedures for the To inform party and state officials of the procedures for the

Final Solution the Final Solution the Wannsee ConferenceWannsee Conference was held outside was held outside of Berlin on Jan. 20, 1942.of Berlin on Jan. 20, 1942.

Heydrich outlined the steps: Europe will be combed through Heydrich outlined the steps: Europe will be combed through for Jews who would be brought to transit ghettos to be for Jews who would be brought to transit ghettos to be transported farther to the east.transported farther to the east.

The conference worked out all bureaucratic details so that The conference worked out all bureaucratic details so that officials would cooperate fully in the final elimination of the officials would cooperate fully in the final elimination of the Jews.Jews.


Shipments of Jews depended on the cooperation of Shipments of Jews depended on the cooperation of Germany’s Transport Ministry.Germany’s Transport Ministry.

About 30% of the arrivals at Auschwitz were sent to a About 30% of the arrivals at Auschwitz were sent to a labor camp; the remainder went to labor camp; the remainder went to gas chambersgas chambers. . After they had been gassed the bodies were burned in After they had been gassed the bodies were burned in the crematoria.the crematoria.

The victims’ goods and bodies were used for economic The victims’ goods and bodies were used for economic gain.gain.

Some inmates were subjected to “medical” Some inmates were subjected to “medical” experiments.experiments.

90% of the Jewish populations of Poland, the Baltic 90% of the Jewish populations of Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany were exterminated.countries, and Germany were exterminated.

The Holocaust was responsible for the death of nearly 2 The Holocaust was responsible for the death of nearly 2 out of every 3 European Jews.out of every 3 European Jews.

Gas Chambers and Gas Chambers and CrematoriaCrematoria

AuschwitzAuschwitz


The Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate The Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate death of the Gypsies of Europe and homosexuals.death of the Gypsies of Europe and homosexuals.

The New Order in AsiaThe New Order in Asia Japan hoped to use its new territories to meet its Japan hoped to use its new territories to meet its

needs for raw materials as well as to serve as an needs for raw materials as well as to serve as an outlet for Japanese manufactured goods.outlet for Japanese manufactured goods.

To provide a structure for the arrangement, To provide a structure for the arrangement, Japanese leaders set up the Great East Asia Co-Japanese leaders set up the Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.Prosperity Sphere.

Independent governments under Japanese Independent governments under Japanese tutelage were established in Burma, the Dutch tutelage were established in Burma, the Dutch East Indies, Vietnam, and the Philippines.East Indies, Vietnam, and the Philippines.

The New OrderThe New Order The New Order in AsiaThe New Order in Asia

The economic resources of the colonies were The economic resources of the colonies were exploited for the benefit of the Japanese war exploited for the benefit of the Japanese war machine, while natives were recruited to serve in machine, while natives were recruited to serve in local military units or were conscripted to work on local military units or were conscripted to work on public works projects.public works projects.

Tens of thousands of Korean women were forced to Tens of thousands of Korean women were forced to serve as “comfort women” for Japanese troops.serve as “comfort women” for Japanese troops.

In building the Burma-Thailand railway in 1943, the In building the Burma-Thailand railway in 1943, the Japanese used 361,000 workers. An inadequate diet Japanese used 361,000 workers. An inadequate diet and hard work in an unhealthy climate led to the and hard work in an unhealthy climate led to the death of 102,000 workers by the time the railway death of 102,000 workers by the time the railway was completed.was completed.

The Home FrontThe Home Front The Mobilization of PeoplesThe Mobilization of Peoples

By the summer of 1944, fully 55% of the British By the summer of 1944, fully 55% of the British people were in the armed forces or civilian “war people were in the armed forces or civilian “war work.”work.”

Most British women under 40 were called to do war Most British women under 40 were called to do war work of some kind.work of some kind.

The number of women in agriculture doubled as The number of women in agriculture doubled as “land girls”“land girls” performed agricultural labor usually performed agricultural labor usually undertaken by men.undertaken by men.

The British government encouraged the “Dig for The British government encouraged the “Dig for Victory” campaign to increase food production. Also Victory” campaign to increase food production. Also encouraged the “Grow Your Own Food” campaigns encouraged the “Grow Your Own Food” campaigns but Britain still faced food shortages.but Britain still faced food shortages.


During the war the British placed much During the war the British placed much emphasis on a planned economy.emphasis on a planned economy.

The British made substantial gains in The British made substantial gains in manufacturing war materials.manufacturing war materials.

Known to the Soviets as the Known to the Soviets as the Great Patriotic Great Patriotic War, War, the German-Soviet war witnessed the the German-Soviet war witnessed the greatest land battles in history.greatest land battles in history.

Stalin created a system of “supercentralization,” Stalin created a system of “supercentralization,” by which he directed military and political by which he directed military and political affairs. All civil and military organizations were affairs. All civil and military organizations were subjected to the control of the Communist Party subjected to the control of the Communist Party and the Soviet Police.and the Soviet Police.


The initial defeats of the Soviet Union led to drastic The initial defeats of the Soviet Union led to drastic emergency mobilization measures that affected the emergency mobilization measures that affected the civilian population.civilian population.

Leningrad experienced 900 days of siege.Leningrad experienced 900 days of siege. The factories in the western part of the Soviet Union The factories in the western part of the Soviet Union

were dismantled and shipped to the interior.were dismantled and shipped to the interior. The widespread military, industrial, and economic The widespread military, industrial, and economic

mobilization created another Industrial Revolution mobilization created another Industrial Revolution for the Soviet Union. Stalin labeled it a “battle of for the Soviet Union. Stalin labeled it a “battle of machines.”machines.”

Soviet civilians experienced shortages of food and Soviet civilians experienced shortages of food and housing.housing.


Soviet women worked in industries, mines, and Soviet women worked in industries, mines, and railroads. They dug anti-tank ditches and work as air-railroads. They dug anti-tank ditches and work as air-raid wardens.raid wardens.

Soviet women also functioned as snipers and as Soviet women also functioned as snipers and as aircrews in bomber squadrons.aircrews in bomber squadrons.

The female pilots who helped defeat the Germans The female pilots who helped defeat the Germans at Stalingrad were known as the at Stalingrad were known as the “Night “Night Witches.”Witches.”

Soviet peasants 60% of the military forces and were Soviet peasants 60% of the military forces and were also expected to feed the people and the Red Army.also expected to feed the people and the Red Army.

The mobilization of the U.S. had a great impact on The mobilization of the U.S. had a great impact on American social and economic developments.American social and economic developments.


The American economy was never completely mobilized.The American economy was never completely mobilized. After a production rate of 6 ships a day and $6 billion After a production rate of 6 ships a day and $6 billion

worth of other military equipment a month, many small worth of other military equipment a month, many small factories were shut down due to overproduction.factories were shut down due to overproduction.

Boomtowns were created, which caused a shortage of Boomtowns were created, which caused a shortage of houses, health facilities, and schools.houses, health facilities, and schools.

People migrated to the industrial cities looking for People migrated to the industrial cities looking for work. work.

The presence of African American in areas where they The presence of African American in areas where they had not lived before led to racial tensions and had not lived before led to racial tensions and sometimes racial riots. In Detroit, white mobs attacked sometimes racial riots. In Detroit, white mobs attacked African Americans.African Americans.


Japanese Americans were moved to camps Japanese Americans were moved to camps encircled by barbed wire and required to take encircled by barbed wire and required to take loyalty oaths.loyalty oaths.

Hitler was aware of the importance of the home Hitler was aware of the importance of the home front. He believed that the collapse of the home front. He believed that the collapse of the home front in WWI had caused Germany’s defeat.front in WWI had caused Germany’s defeat.

To maintain the morale of the home front during To maintain the morale of the home front during the first 2 years of the war, Hitler refused to the first 2 years of the war, Hitler refused to convert production to armaments.convert production to armaments.

In 1942, Hitler finally ordered a massive In 1942, Hitler finally ordered a massive increase in armaments and the size of the army.increase in armaments and the size of the army.


Albert Speer Albert Speer was made minister for armaments and was made minister for armaments and munitions in 1942. By eliminating waste and munitions in 1942. By eliminating waste and rationalizing procedures, he was able to triple the rationalizing procedures, he was able to triple the production.production.

A total mobilization of the economy was not A total mobilization of the economy was not implemented until 1944, when schools, theaters, and implemented until 1944, when schools, theaters, and cafes were closed and Speer was permitted to use all cafes were closed and Speer was permitted to use all remaining resources.remaining resources.

Nazi resistance to female employment declined as the Nazi resistance to female employment declined as the war progressed.war progressed.

Many women resisted regular employment. Even the Many women resisted regular employment. Even the introduction of labor conscription for women failed.introduction of labor conscription for women failed.


Wartime Japan was highly mobilized. The Wartime Japan was highly mobilized. The government et up a planning board to guarantee its government et up a planning board to guarantee its control over all national resources.control over all national resources.

Traditional habits of obedience and hierarchy were Traditional habits of obedience and hierarchy were emphasized to encourage citizens to sacrifice their emphasized to encourage citizens to sacrifice their resources.resources.

Especially important was the code of the Especially important was the code of the bushidobushido, , the old code of morality of the samurai. It was the old code of morality of the samurai. It was revived during the nationalistic fervor of the 1930s.revived during the nationalistic fervor of the 1930s.

The code emphasized the obligation to honor and The code emphasized the obligation to honor and defend emperor, country, and family and to sacrifice defend emperor, country, and family and to sacrifice one’s life if one failed in the sacred mission.one’s life if one failed in the sacred mission.


Young Japanese were encouraged to volunteer Young Japanese were encouraged to volunteer en masse to serve as pilots in the suicide en masse to serve as pilots in the suicide missions, known as missions, known as kamikazekamikaze, against U.S. , against U.S. battleships.battleships.

Japanese women were encouraged to bear Japanese women were encouraged to bear more children and to espouse the slogans of more children and to espouse the slogans of the Greater Japanese Women’s Association.the Greater Japanese Women’s Association.

General Tojo opposed female employment.General Tojo opposed female employment.

The Home FrontThe Home Front Frontline Civilians: The Bombing of CitiesFrontline Civilians: The Bombing of Cities

Bombing was used against nonhuman military targets, Bombing was used against nonhuman military targets, against enemy troops, and against civilian populations.against enemy troops, and against civilian populations.

Beginning in early Sept. 1940, the German Beginning in early Sept. 1940, the German LuftwaffeLuftwaffe subjected London and other British cities and towns to subjected London and other British cities and towns to nightly air raids, making nightly air raids, making the Blitz the Blitz a national a national experience.experience.

On Nov. 14, 1940, the On Nov. 14, 1940, the LuftwaffeLuftwaffe destroyed hundreds of destroyed hundreds of shops and 100 acres of the city center of Coventry.shops and 100 acres of the city center of Coventry.

Churchill and his advisers believed that destroying Churchill and his advisers believed that destroying German communities would break civilian morale and German communities would break civilian morale and bring victory.bring victory.


Major bombing raids began in 1942 under the Major bombing raids began in 1942 under the direction of direction of Arthur HarrisArthur Harris..

On May 31, 1942, Cologne became the first On May 31, 1942, Cologne became the first German city to be subjected to an attack by German city to be subjected to an attack by 1,000 bombers.1,000 bombers.

American planes flew daytime missions aimed at American planes flew daytime missions aimed at the precision bombing of transportation facilities the precision bombing of transportation facilities and war industries, while the British Bomber and war industries, while the British Bomber Command continued nighttime bombing of all Command continued nighttime bombing of all German cities with populations over 100,000.German cities with populations over 100,000.

These bombings created firestorms that swept These bombings created firestorms that swept destructive paths through cities.destructive paths through cities.


4 raids on Hamburg in Aug. 1943, obliterated half 4 raids on Hamburg in Aug. 1943, obliterated half the city’s buildings, and killed 50,000 civilians.the city’s buildings, and killed 50,000 civilians.

The bombing of The bombing of DresdenDresden from Feb. 13 to 15, from Feb. 13 to 15, 1945, created a firestorm that may have killed as 1945, created a firestorm that may have killed as many as 100,000 inhabitants and refugees.many as 100,000 inhabitants and refugees.

The The Allied Strategic Bombing SurveyAllied Strategic Bombing Survey showed showed that the production of war materiel actually that the production of war materiel actually increased between 1942 and 1944. Allied raids increased between 1942 and 1944. Allied raids only cut production by 7%.only cut production by 7%.

Fearful of German attempts to make a superbomb Fearful of German attempts to make a superbomb through the use of Uranium, pushed the U.S. to through the use of Uranium, pushed the U.S. to create the atomic bomb.create the atomic bomb.


Under direction of Oppenheimer in Los Alamos, Under direction of Oppenheimer in Los Alamos, New Mexico, Allied scientist built and tested the New Mexico, Allied scientist built and tested the first atomic bomb by the summer of 1945.first atomic bomb by the summer of 1945.

President Truman and his advisers feared that President Truman and his advisers feared that Japanese fanaticism might mean a million American Japanese fanaticism might mean a million American casualties. casualties.

This led them to drop the atomic bomb on This led them to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and (Aug. 6) and NagasakiNagasaki (Aug. 9). (Aug. 9). 70,000 buildings in Hiroshima were flattened. 70,000 buildings in Hiroshima were flattened. 140,000 inhabitants died by the end of 1945. By the 140,000 inhabitants died by the end of 1945. By the end of 1950, another 50,000 died from radiation.end of 1950, another 50,000 died from radiation.

Aftermath of the War: Aftermath of the War: Cold WarCold War

The Cold War stemmed from military, political, The Cold War stemmed from military, political, and ideological differences, especially between and ideological differences, especially between the Soviet Union and the United States.the Soviet Union and the United States.

The Conference at TehranThe Conference at Tehran Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill, the leaders of Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill, the leaders of

the the Big ThreeBig Three of the Grand Alliances, met at of the Grand Alliances, met at Tehran in Nov. 1943 to decide that future Tehran in Nov. 1943 to decide that future course of the war.course of the war.

Churchill had wanted British and American Churchill had wanted British and American forces to follow up their North African and forces to follow up their North African and Italian campaigns by an indirect attack on Italian campaigns by an indirect attack on Germany through the Balkans.Germany through the Balkans.


The Conference at TehranThe Conference at Tehran Stalin and Roosevelt overruled Churchill and Stalin and Roosevelt overruled Churchill and

argued successfully for an American-British argued successfully for an American-British invasion of the continent through France.invasion of the continent through France.

The acceptance of this plan meant that Soviet The acceptance of this plan meant that Soviet and British-American forces would meet in and British-American forces would meet in defeated Germany along a north-south dividing defeated Germany along a north-south dividing line and that eastern Europe would be liberated line and that eastern Europe would be liberated by Soviet forces.by Soviet forces.

The The YaltaYalta Conference Conference Stalin was deeply suspicious of the Western Stalin was deeply suspicious of the Western

powers and desired a buffer to protect the Soviet powers and desired a buffer to protect the Soviet Union from possible future Western aggression.Union from possible future Western aggression.


The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference Roosevelt was moving away from the notion of Roosevelt was moving away from the notion of

spheres of influence to the ideal of self-spheres of influence to the ideal of self-determination.determination.

The Grand Alliance approved the “Declaration on The Grand Alliance approved the “Declaration on Liberated Europe.”Liberated Europe.”

Roosevelt sought Soviet military help against Japan.Roosevelt sought Soviet military help against Japan. Roosevelt agreed to Stalin’s price: possession of Roosevelt agreed to Stalin’s price: possession of

Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands as well as 2 Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands as well as 2 warm-water ports and railroad rights in warm-water ports and railroad rights in Manchuria.Manchuria.

Both Churchill and Stalin accepted Roosevelt’s plan Both Churchill and Stalin accepted Roosevelt’s plan for a United Nations organization.for a United Nations organization.


The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference The Big Three reaffirmed that Germany must The Big Three reaffirmed that Germany must

surrender unconditionally and created four surrender unconditionally and created four occupation zones.occupation zones.

The French were given a zone carved out of the The French were given a zone carved out of the British and American zones.British and American zones.

German reparations were set at $20 billion.German reparations were set at $20 billion. A provisional government would be established A provisional government would be established

with members of both Lublin Poles and the with members of both Lublin Poles and the London Poles in Poland.London Poles in Poland.

Stalin agreed to free elections in the future to Stalin agreed to free elections in the future to determine a new government.determine a new government.

The Division of GermanyThe Division of Germany


Intensifying DifferencesIntensifying Differences The Allied Powers’ only common aim was the The Allied Powers’ only common aim was the

defeat of Nazism.defeat of Nazism. From the perspective of the Soviets, the United From the perspective of the Soviets, the United

States’ termination of Lend-Lease air before the States’ termination of Lend-Lease air before the war was over and its failure to respond to the war was over and its failure to respond to the Soviet request for a $6 billion loan for Soviet request for a $6 billion loan for reconstructive exposed Western desire to keep the reconstructive exposed Western desire to keep the Soviet state weak.Soviet state weak.

On the American side, the Soviet Union’s failure to On the American side, the Soviet Union’s failure to fulfill its Yalta pledge on the “Declaration on fulfill its Yalta pledge on the “Declaration on Liberated Europe” as applied to eastern Europe set Liberated Europe” as applied to eastern Europe set a dangerous precedent.a dangerous precedent.


Intensifying DifferencesIntensifying Differences The Soviets engineered a coup and installed a new The Soviets engineered a coup and installed a new

government under the Communist Peter Groza in government under the Communist Peter Groza in Romania.Romania.

The Soviets sabotaged the Polish settlement by The Soviets sabotaged the Polish settlement by arresting the London Poles and their sympathizers arresting the London Poles and their sympathizers and placing the Lublin Poles in power.and placing the Lublin Poles in power.

The The PotsdamPotsdam Conference Conference During the conference, Truman received word that the During the conference, Truman received word that the

atomic bomb had been successfully tested, which atomic bomb had been successfully tested, which stiffened the resolve against the Soviets.stiffened the resolve against the Soviets.

Truman demanded free elections throughout eastern Truman demanded free elections throughout eastern Europe.Europe.


The Potsdam ConferenceThe Potsdam Conference Stalin sought absolute military security. To him, it could only Stalin sought absolute military security. To him, it could only

be gained by the presence of Communist states in eastern be gained by the presence of Communist states in eastern Europe.Europe.

Emergence of the Cold WarEmergence of the Cold War James Byrnes proposed a 25-year disarmament of Germany, the James Byrnes proposed a 25-year disarmament of Germany, the

Soviet Union rejected it. Many saw it as proof of Stalin’s plans Soviet Union rejected it. Many saw it as proof of Stalin’s plans to expand and create a Communist East German state.to expand and create a Communist East German state.

The foreshadowing of an independent West Germany seemed to The foreshadowing of an independent West Germany seemed to be a direct threat to the Soviet security in Europe.be a direct threat to the Soviet security in Europe.

Churchill declared that Churchill declared that “an iron curtain”“an iron curtain” had “descended had “descended across the continent,” dividing Germany and Europe into 2 across the continent,” dividing Germany and Europe into 2 hostile camps.hostile camps.

Stalin branded Churchill’s speech a “call to war with the Soviet Stalin branded Churchill’s speech a “call to war with the Soviet Union.”Union.”

Chapter 27: WWII By: Sarah Phillips. Map of Europe Before the War.

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 27: WWII By: Sarah Phillips. Map of Europe Before the War.