Chapter 27: Animal Behavior KEY CONCEPT Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to...
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Transcript of Chapter 27: Animal Behavior KEY CONCEPT Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to...
![Page 1: Chapter 27: Animal Behavior KEY CONCEPT Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to their environment. Usually in a beneficial way. Examples?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649e8a5503460f94b903e2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
KEY CONCEPT Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to their environment. Usually in a beneficial way.Examples?
Plant bends toward light
Pufferfish inflates when threatened
Cat comes when you use a can opener
Toad releases poison when grabbed
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Behavioral responses to stimuli may be adaptive.
• Detecting and responding to stimuli is key to an individual’s survival.
• Internal stimuli tell an animal what is occurring in its own body.– hunger– thirst– pain
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• External stimuli give an animal information about its surroundings.– sound– sight– changes in day length or temperature
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• Specialized cells that are sensitive to stimuli detect sensory information.– information is transferred to the nervous system– nervous system may activate other systems in response
• Animal behaviors help to maintain homeostasis.
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• Kinesis and taxis are two types of movement-related behaviors.– Kinesis is an increase in random movement.
Example: Pill bugs increase activity as they dry out to find moist areas
– Taxis is movement in a particular direction either toward or away from a stimuli
–Example: plants growing toward light, deer running away from rustling in the brush
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Internal and external stimuli usually interact to trigger specific behaviors.
• Most behaviors are a response to both internal and external stimuli– Combination, not just one stimuli
• External stimuli may trigger internal stimuli.• Green anole reproductive behavior is triggered by internal
and external stimuli.– External: males become aggressive and court females– Internal: females release hormones that make females
receptive• How could internal and external stimuli cause you to wake
up in the morning?
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Some behaviors occur in cycles.
• A circadian rhythm is the daily cycle of activity.– occurs over 24-hour period– run by a biological clock
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually.– During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant
state.What kind of stimuli might trigger hibernation?
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually.
– During migration, animals move seasonally from one portion of their range to another.
What kind of stimuli might trigger migration?
– During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant state.
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• Circadian Rhythms survey
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
KEY CONCEPT Nature vs. Nurture Debate
Both genes and environment affect an animal’s behavior.
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Innate behaviors are triggered by specific internal and external stimuli.
• An instinct is a complex inborn behavior.• Instinctive behaviors share
several characteristics.– innate, or performed
correctly the first time– relatively inflexible– Why would instincts be necessary?– Baby Swimming Reflex
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
– releaser is a simple signal– herring gulls chicks and red
dot releaser– environmental factors can
affect innate behaviors– Ex: Honey Bees
• Many innate behaviors are triggered by a releaser.
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Many behaviors have both innate and learned components.
• Learning takes many forms.• Habituation occurs
when an animallearns to ignore arepeated stimulus.
• Imprinting is a rapidand irreversiblelearning process.– critical period– Konrad Lorenz
and graylaggeese
Why might this person be wearing this costume?
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• In imitation, animals learn by observing the behaviors of others.– young male songbirds
learn songs by listening to adult males
– Children learning to talk– snow monkeys and
potato-washing behavior…younger teaches older
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Learning is adaptive.
• Animals that can learn can better adapt to new situations.• In associative learning, a specific action is associated with
its consequences.– Child with a hot stove– Birds with bad-tasting food
• Conditioning is one type of associative learning.
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• There are two types of conditioning.– Classical conditioning: previously neutral stimulus
associated with behavior triggered by different stimulus– Ivan Pavlov and salivating dog
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• There are two types of conditioning.– Operant conditioning: behavior increased or decreased
by positive or negative reinforcement– B.F. Skinner and “Skinner boxes”
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
KEY CONCEPT Every behavior has costs and benefits.
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Even beneficial behaviors have associated costs.
• The benefits of a behavior are increased survivorship (# of individuals that survive from one year to the next) and reproduction rates.– both increase an individual’s fitness; favored by natural
selection– both have costs
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• Behavioral costs can be divided into three categories.
– energy costs: energy not available for other tasks– opportunity costs: time spent cannot be used on another
task– risk costs: need food but risk getting eaten
Some behaviors seem harmful but are beneficial
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Animals perform behaviors whose benefits outweigh their costs.
• Behaviors evolve only if they improve fitness.• Territoriality refers to the control of a specific area.
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• Optimal foraging states that natural selection favors behaviors that get animals the most calories for the cost.
Ex: Oystercatchers eat mussels…too big and it takes too long and too much energy to open, too small and there’s not enough meat, so the most successful eat the medium mussels
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
KEY CONCEPT Social behaviors enhance the benefits of living in a group. If you had a choice would you rather live alone or in a group? Why do you think humans live in groups?
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Living in groups also has benefits and costs.
• Social behaviors evolve when the benefits of group living outweigh its costs.– benefits: improved
foraging, reproductive assistance, reduced predation
– costs: increased visibility, competition, disease contraction
• Group living requires learning social structure and membership.
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Social behaviors are interactions between members of the same or different species.
• Animals use communication to keep in contact.– Visual: gestures or postures– Sound: Calls of alarm, distress, mating, etc.– Touch: antennae – Chemical: pheromones
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• Courtship displays are used to evaluate the fitness of a potential mate.
• Defensive behaviors are used to protect the individual and/or the group.
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Some behaviors benefit other group members at a cost to the individual performing them.
• There are many types of helpful social behavior.– cooperation– reciprocity – altruism
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• In altruism, an individual reduces its own fitness to help other members of its social group.– inclusive fitness: total # of genes contributed by relatives
to next generation– kin selection: natural selection acts on survival of close
relatives
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Eusocial behavior is an example of extreme altruism.
• Eusocial species live in large groups of mostly nonreproductive individuals.– haplodiploid species: sex determined by # of
chromosomes, social insects (wasps, bees, ants)
Queen Minor worker Major worker
– diploid species: termites, snapping shrimp, naked mole rats
• Eusocial behaviors likely evolve by kin selection.
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
KEY CONCEPT Some animals other than humans exhibit behaviors requiring complex cognitive abilities.
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Animal intelligence is difficult to define.
• Cognition is the mental process of knowing through perception or reasoning.
• Other factors affecting an animal’s behavior may seem like cognition.– Clever Hans
– awareness– ability to judge– ability to solve complex problems
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Some animals can solve problems.
• Insight is the ability to solve a problem mentally without repeated trial and error. – observed in primates, dolphins, and corvids– chimpanzee retrieving hanging bananas
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• Tool use helps an animal accomplish a task.– some dolphins use sponges to protect and hunt– crows and chimpanzees make probing sticks– capuchin monkeys use rocks to crack nuts
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
Cognitive ability may provide an adaptive advantage for living in social groups.
• Intelligence in animals seems to be correlated with two characteristics.– relatively large brains for their body size– live in complex social groups
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Chapter 27: Animal Behavior
• Cultural behavior spreads through a population by learning, not by selection.– taught to one generation by another– aided by living in close proximity