The Path of Empire1890-1899

The Path of Empire1890-1899

Schneider/Emmons 2012Schneider/Emmons 2012

Imperialism LoomsImperialism Looms

Isolation difficult when exports increase New sense of power with booming

population, wealth, and industry

Yellow-journalism stimulated interest in overseas activities

Missionaries convert “backwards people”

Darwinism now interpreted as earth belonging to strong and fit, ie Uncle Sam

Isolation difficult when exports increase New sense of power with booming

population, wealth, and industry

Yellow-journalism stimulated interest in overseas activities

Missionaries convert “backwards people”

Darwinism now interpreted as earth belonging to strong and fit, ie Uncle Sam

Imperialism LoomsImperialism Looms

Europe and Asia had colonies for decades

America needed to follow-suit to better compete

Steel navy made sea power more realistic Alfred Thayer Mahan-The Influence of Sea Power

Upon History, control of seas key to world dominance

Pan-American Conference: creates plan for economic cooperation via reciprocal

tariff reduction

Europe and Asia had colonies for decades

America needed to follow-suit to better compete

Steel navy made sea power more realistic Alfred Thayer Mahan-The Influence of Sea Power

Upon History, control of seas key to world dominance

Pan-American Conference: creates plan for economic cooperation via reciprocal

tariff reduction

Imperialism LoomsImperialism Looms

Manifestation of international interest: “Big Sister” policy: rally Latin Am. behind US

leadership open L. Am markets to American traders

Diplomatic Crises: 11 Italians lynched in New Orleans US and German navies conflict in Samoan

Islands 2 US sailors die in Chile’s port of Valparaiso US and Canada argue over seal hunting

Manifestation of international interest: “Big Sister” policy: rally Latin Am. behind US

leadership open L. Am markets to American traders

Diplomatic Crises: 11 Italians lynched in New Orleans US and German navies conflict in Samoan

Islands 2 US sailors die in Chile’s port of Valparaiso US and Canada argue over seal hunting

Reinforcing the Monroe Doctrine

Reinforcing the Monroe Doctrine

1895-1896, gold discovered in disputed boundary area b/w Venezuela and British Guiana

Sec. of State Olney sent GB strongly worded letter declaring its attempt to dominate Ven. violated M. Doctrine and arbitration should commence

Added America now calls W.Hemisphere shots

GB took 4 months to reply, denied relevance of MD, shot down arbitration

1895-1896, gold discovered in disputed boundary area b/w Venezuela and British Guiana

Sec. of State Olney sent GB strongly worded letter declaring its attempt to dominate Ven. violated M. Doctrine and arbitration should commence

Added America now calls W.Hemisphere shots

GB took 4 months to reply, denied relevance of MD, shot down arbitration

Reinforcing the Monroe Doctrine

Reinforcing the Monroe Doctrine

Cleveland asked Congress for a “boundary designation” commission, if GB did not accept the line the US would fight for it

GB not willing to fight, accepted arbitration

Monroe Doctrine strengthened

Many L. Am countries happy with determination of America’s protection

Cleveland asked Congress for a “boundary designation” commission, if GB did not accept the line the US would fight for it

GB not willing to fight, accepted arbitration

Monroe Doctrine strengthened

Many L. Am countries happy with determination of America’s protection

HawaiiHawaii

Natural provision supply point for ships Missionaries arrived as early as 1820

By 1840s State Dept says hands off 1887, treaty secures Pearl Harbor rights

Sugar cultivation hurt by 1890 McKinley Tariff Solution: annex Hawaii so products can’t be

taxed

Queen Liliuokalani not in favor Overthrown in 1893

Natural provision supply point for ships Missionaries arrived as early as 1820

By 1840s State Dept says hands off 1887, treaty secures Pearl Harbor rights

Sugar cultivation hurt by 1890 McKinley Tariff Solution: annex Hawaii so products can’t be

taxed

Queen Liliuokalani not in favor Overthrown in 1893

HawaiiHawaii Whites saw it ready for annexation like TX

Treaty rushed to DC, but Harrison’s term ended Cleveland believed Queen Liliuokalani had been

wronged

1893, treaty withdrawn, investigation started

Majority of HI natives anti-annexation

White Ams wouldn’t reinstate Queen L.

First legitimate debate over imperialism

Seen as new Manifest Destiny

Whites saw it ready for annexation like TX

Treaty rushed to DC, but Harrison’s term ended Cleveland believed Queen Liliuokalani had been

wronged

1893, treaty withdrawn, investigation started

Majority of HI natives anti-annexation

White Ams wouldn’t reinstate Queen L.

First legitimate debate over imperialism

Seen as new Manifest Destiny

Causes of Spanish-American War

Causes of Spanish-American War

Economic

Strategic interests

Yellow journalism

Public opinion

Economic

Strategic interests

Yellow journalism

Public opinion

CubaCuba 1895, revolt against ________ Also hurt by sugar tariff Scorched earth policy USA sympathized with fight for independence

Spanish General “Butcher” Weyler put civilians behind barbed wire in reconcentration camps, no sanitation, death rampant

Am. public outraged, Cleveland didnot want war

1895, revolt against ________ Also hurt by sugar tariff Scorched earth policy USA sympathized with fight for independence

Spanish General “Butcher” Weyler put civilians behind barbed wire in reconcentration camps, no sanitation, death rampant

Am. public outraged, Cleveland didnot want war

Enter Yellow JournalismEnter Yellow Journalism “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the

war” ~Hearst

Depictions of male Spanish official brutally disrobing and searching an Am. woman

1898, battleship Maine sent to Cuba to protect and evacuate Americans if situation worsens

Hearst headlined a private letter by the Spanish Minister in DC badmouthing McKinley

“You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war” ~Hearst

Depictions of male Spanish official brutally disrobing and searching an Am. woman

1898, battleship Maine sent to Cuba to protect and evacuate Americans if situation worsens

Hearst headlined a private letter by the Spanish Minister in DC badmouthing McKinley

Remember the MaineRemember the Maine

Feb 15, 1898, the Maine explodes in Havana harbor, 260 die

Spanish investigation said internal accident American investigation said submarine mine

Arbitration denied, public wants war Yellow journalism led public to believe Spanish

government guilty of intolerable treachery

Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!

Feb 15, 1898, the Maine explodes in Havana harbor, 260 die

Spanish investigation said internal accident American investigation said submarine mine

Arbitration denied, public wants war Yellow journalism led public to believe Spanish

government guilty of intolerable treachery

Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!

Road to Spanish-American WarRoad to Spanish-American War

DC made two demands to Madrid: end the reconcentration camps, sign armistice with Cuban rebels...Madrid agreed

McKinley did not want hostilities

Public burned with war fever, yellow journalism, Cuban exiles in America

McKinley gave in, also thought Spain might break promises, didn’t want to lose political clout

DC made two demands to Madrid: end the reconcentration camps, sign armistice with Cuban rebels...Madrid agreed

McKinley did not want hostilities

Public burned with war fever, yellow journalism, Cuban exiles in America

McKinley gave in, also thought Spain might break promises, didn’t want to lose political clout

War BeginsWar Begins

April 1898, McKinley sends Congress war message, war declared, pass Teller Amendment: Cuban freedom when Spain overthrown, USA would

not annex it

America jubilant, but army is: unprepared for climate outmanned America’s navy 5th in world, Spain’s is in shambles

TR had Commodore George Dewey take the Asian fleet to Philippines just in case

April 1898, McKinley sends Congress war message, war declared, pass Teller Amendment: Cuban freedom when Spain overthrown, USA would

not annex it

America jubilant, but army is: unprepared for climate outmanned America’s navy 5th in world, Spain’s is in shambles

TR had Commodore George Dewey take the Asian fleet to Philippines just in case

WarWar May 1898, Dewey in Manila Spanish fleet destroyed

Americans only needed cough drops to soothe raw throats from cheering for victory

Victory short-lived, while waiting for reinforcements, foreign shipsgather to protect their nationals

German navy superior, defiesAm blockade regulations, both lose patience, Dewey threatens war, disagreement blows over

May 1898, Dewey in Manila Spanish fleet destroyed

Americans only needed cough drops to soothe raw throats from cheering for victory

Victory short-lived, while waiting for reinforcements, foreign shipsgather to protect their nationals

German navy superior, defiesAm blockade regulations, both lose patience, Dewey threatens war, disagreement blows over

WarWar USA troops arrive August 1898,

collaborate with Filipino insurgents, led by Emilio Aguinaldo

Resurgence in desire to annex HI,could be supply station

Formally annexed in July 1898

Residents given citizenship

USA troops arrive August 1898, collaborate with Filipino insurgents, led by Emilio Aguinaldo

Resurgence in desire to annex HI,could be supply station

Formally annexed in July 1898

Residents given citizenship

WarWar Spain sends warships and torpedo boats to

Cuba

Panic on coast, CW ships sent for morale

Am sends General Shafter with Ams provided with heavy woolen underwear, uniforms for sub-zero weather

Enter Rough Riders

Spain sends warships and torpedo boats to Cuba

Panic on coast, CW ships sent for morale

Am sends General Shafter with Ams provided with heavy woolen underwear, uniforms for sub-zero weather

Enter Rough Riders

Rough RidersRough Riders Volunteers, cowboys, ex-polo players, ex-

convicts Led by Col Leonard Wood, organized by TR Rough Riders in Cuba, most without horses

Shafter lands near Santiago, no real opposition

Fighting starts July 1898, Rough Riders charge San Juan Hill

Volunteers, cowboys, ex-polo players, ex-convicts

Led by Col Leonard Wood, organized by TR Rough Riders in Cuba, most without horses

Shafter lands near Santiago, no real opposition

Fighting starts July 1898, Rough Riders charge San Juan Hill

End of WarEnd of War 2 days after San Juan Hill,Spain’s fleet

destroyed, 500 Spaniards and 1 American killed Santiago surrenders

American army rushes to Puerto Rico before war ends, greeted as liberating heroes

August 1898, Spain signed armistice: Treaty of Paris

Could Spain have won after a few more months? Americans suffered greatly from malaria, typhoid, dysentery, and yellow fever...400 died from battle wounds, 5,000+ died from disease

2 days after San Juan Hill,Spain’s fleet destroyed, 500 Spaniards and 1 American killed

Santiago surrenders

American army rushes to Puerto Rico before war ends, greeted as liberating heroes

August 1898, Spain signed armistice: Treaty of Paris

Could Spain have won after a few more months? Americans suffered greatly from malaria, typhoid, dysentery, and yellow fever...400 died from battle wounds, 5,000+ died from disease

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris Spain ceded Philippines for $20 million, Puerto Rico, Guam, West Indies, recognized American

presence in Cuba

Teller Amendment Replaced by Platt Amendment

Cuba could transfer land only to USA

American intervention in Cuban affairs permitted when USA deemed it necessary

restricted Cuba’s foreign policy/commercial activity

leased Guantanamo Bay to USA

Spain ceded Philippines for $20 million, Puerto Rico, Guam, West Indies, recognized American

presence in Cuba

Teller Amendment Replaced by Platt Amendment

Cuba could transfer land only to USA

American intervention in Cuban affairs permitted when USA deemed it necessary

restricted Cuba’s foreign policy/commercial activity

leased Guantanamo Bay to USA

OutcomeOutcome Hawaii annexed, America in possession of Cuba

and Puerto Rico

Island bases Wake Island, Guam, Philippines

Plethora of stepping stones for Pacific empire

Emilio Aguinaldo didn’t want to be under American rule either, led revolt: Sp-Am war ~3 months, Philippine incursion ~3 years, 5,000 Americans died, less civility b/c they’re “brown”

TR emerges as war hero

Hawaii annexed, America in possession of Cuba and Puerto Rico

Island bases Wake Island, Guam, Philippines

Plethora of stepping stones for Pacific empire

Emilio Aguinaldo didn’t want to be under American rule either, led revolt: Sp-Am war ~3 months, Philippine incursion ~3 years, 5,000 Americans died, less civility b/c they’re “brown”

TR emerges as war hero

An American Empire...or NotAn American Empire...or Not First time American presence in distant

land, thickly populated, alien race, culture, language, religion, government

Anti-Imperialist League not quiet, stressed Filipino desire for freedom...imperialism against Dec. of Ind.

Pro-imperialists emphasized trade profits

The White Man’s Burden--Rudyard Kipling supported American imperialism

First time American presence in distant land, thickly populated, alien race, culture, language, religion, government

Anti-Imperialist League not quiet, stressed Filipino desire for freedom...imperialism against Dec. of Ind.

Pro-imperialists emphasized trade profits

The White Man’s Burden--Rudyard Kipling supported American imperialism

The White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s Burden

White men should colonize and rule other nations for the benefit of those people

Makes imperialism sound noble

White nations have a duty and obligation to rule so nations that are “behind” can adopt western ways

White men should colonize and rule other nations for the benefit of those people

Makes imperialism sound noble

White nations have a duty and obligation to rule so nations that are “behind” can adopt western ways

What to do with Puerto RicoWhat to do with Puerto Rico

Foraker Act of 1900-PR’s given limited degree of popular government, citizenship in 1917 Education, sanitation, transportation

improved, but some PR’s still wanted independence

Did the Constitution follow the flag? Insular Cases, 1901, Supreme Ct decided flag

outruns Const.--full Const. rights do not necessarily extend to people living in areas under American control

Foraker Act of 1900-PR’s given limited degree of popular government, citizenship in 1917 Education, sanitation, transportation

improved, but some PR’s still wanted independence

Did the Constitution follow the flag? Insular Cases, 1901, Supreme Ct decided flag

outruns Const.--full Const. rights do not necessarily extend to people living in areas under American control

What to do with CubaWhat to do with Cuba

Military govt had been set up under Rough Rider Leonard Wood, very successful in improving Cuban govt, finance, education, agriculture, and public health

Abiding by Teller Amendment, USA withdrew in 1902, but Platt Amendment let it maintain a presence

Military govt had been set up under Rough Rider Leonard Wood, very successful in improving Cuban govt, finance, education, agriculture, and public health

Abiding by Teller Amendment, USA withdrew in 1902, but Platt Amendment let it maintain a presence

America Looking ForwardAmerica Looking Forward Sp-Am War did not CAUSE America to become a

world power, it PROVED that Am already was

More international respect

Did not necessarily enter war with imperialistic goals, but certainly came out of it with imperialistic results

Britain pleased, Germany jealous, Latin Am suspicious/nervous

North and South more unified--fought together

Sp-Am War did not CAUSE America to become a world power, it PROVED that Am already was

More international respect

Did not necessarily enter war with imperialistic goals, but certainly came out of it with imperialistic results

Britain pleased, Germany jealous, Latin Am suspicious/nervous

North and South more unified--fought together