Chapter 26. The Ottoman Empire Causes of Decline Weak rulers and subsequent power struggles Economic...
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Transcript of Chapter 26. The Ottoman Empire Causes of Decline Weak rulers and subsequent power struggles Economic...
![Page 1: Chapter 26. The Ottoman Empire Causes of Decline Weak rulers and subsequent power struggles Economic deterioration – Turkish artisans can’t compete with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e495503460f94b3d320/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 26
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The Ottoman Empire
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Causes of Decline
• Weak rulers and subsequent power struggles• Economic deterioration– Turkish artisans can’t compete with influx of
western industrial goods– Jewish/Christian merchants increase ties to West
• Military decline– Janissaries unwilling to keep up with Western
weaponry– Unable to retain control of portions of empire
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Selim III (1789 – 1807)
• Increases literacy with first printing press in the Muslim World
• Builds a new army/navy• Restructures bureaucracy– Improves administration– Angered powerful people
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Mahmud II (1826 – 1838)
• Builds western-style army and overthrows Janissaries
• Forces nobles to submit to his authority
• Exchanges ambassadors and advisors with the West
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The Tanzimat reforms (1839 -1876)• Western-style university education• Infrastructure – Postal service, telegraphs, railways
• New constitution– Influenced by the West
• Open unrestricted trade with west• Discuss changes to:– Polygamy, harem, veiling
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Arab Heartland
• Most Arabs were ok with the Ottomans even though they were Turks because they were Muslim– Ottomans grew unable to protect the heartland of
the Empire
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Egypt
• Napoleon takes Egypt in 1798– Beat British to the territory– Mamluk Regime
• Vassals of the Ottoman Empire
• West not good so we don’t need to worry about them
• WRONG: major defeat
– French eventually leave and the British get the area
• Muhammad Ali
This Guy
NOT This Guy
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Muhammad Ali
• Wanted to build an up-to-date European Army• Khedives: line of rulers after Ali– Same old thing
• Cotton and only Cotton• Wanted to build the Suez Canal (1869)– Vital commercial and military link between
European Colony– Controlling it is very important
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Suez Canal
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Sudan
• Muhammad Achmad – United the diverse people of the Sudan– Believed to be the promised deliverer– Wanted to Purge Islam and return it to its original
purity• Good successors– Khlifa Abdallahi• Created a very strict muslim state• 1896 Bristih took them down
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Alas the Ottoman Empire falls in 1908
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The Qing Dynasty
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The Manchus
• North of the Great Wall• Over threw the Ming Dynasty• Kept a majority if the Chinese Traditions– Exam system and Bureaucrats– Sons of Heaven– Confucian obedience/loyalty• Female infanticide
– Upper class good lower class not good– Were able to prevent foreign influence• Foreign merchants were only allowed in certain cities
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DECLINE
• Internal corruption/bloated bureaucracy• Embezzlement of state funds• Cheating on exam• Problems are too severe to allow for usual
dynastic cycle– Population too big– Existing system too corrupt– Insufficient technology
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Opium War (1839)
• European imbalance of trade with China despite equal sophistication – Introduce opium - addictive narcotic – With 40 years, 12 million Chinese are addicted
• Chinese demand that British government stop the opium trade…war breaks out
• British technology overwhelms Chinese
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Treaty of Nanjing signed in 1842
• Gives England the island of Hong Kong– Returned to the Chinese July 1st, 1997
• Allows Christian missionaries into China• Grants “extraterritorial rights”
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Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860)
• Led by Hong Xiuquan (Shee-oo-choo-ahn)– “mentally unstable” Christian covert
• Raises an army of 1 million men and women to overthrow Qing government
• Takes 10 years for Qing government to regain control
• 20-25 million total casualties – from warfare and starvation
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Boxer Rebellion• Poor peasants and workers
resented foreigners and missionaries
• Establish the Society of Fists of Righteous Harmony – Boxers
• Attack the European sections of Beijing
• A multi-national army – Defeat the boxers in about 2 minutes
• Defeat actually creates a higher sense of nationalism
• Social unrest and rebellion continues until 1950s
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Dynastic Cycle
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