Chapter 26:The Cold War

Section 1:Origins of the Cold War

United States v. Soviet Union

Had been Allies against Germany in WWII– The enemy of my enemy is my friend

America: Capitalist Soviet Union: Communist The two countries did not agree on most things

VS.

Leaders

Truman: American President– He went to a conference in Potsdam as the newest

member of the Big Three– He was angry when it was clear that Stalin would

not keep his end of the deal and allow democracy in the Soviet controlled parts of eastern Europe

Stalin: Communist leader of Soviet Union– Wanted Communism to control all countries in his

power; thought capitalism was wrong

Truman

Stalin

United Nations

A group of representatives from many countries who worked to keep peace between countries

The U.S. and U.S.S.R. ended up using the UN to promote their ideas to other countries and it made the Cold War worse

UN, 1945

Potsdam Conference

July 1945 Meeting between major countries involved in

WWII Stalin refused to allow democracy in countries

he controlled Truman knew that there would be trouble

between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. This was the start of the Cold War

Churchill TrumanStalin

Tension Mounts

Satellite nations: countries where Stalin set up communist governments controlled by the S.U.– Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,

Romania, and Poland Stalin said that Communism and Capitalism could not

work together and another war was inevitable Truman suggested containment: stopping the spread

of communism to other countries “Iron Curtain”: the division between communist

eastern Europe and capitalist western Europe

US Aims vs. Soviet Aims in Europe

Create a new world order: all countries to have self-determination

Gain access to raw materials and markets

Rebuild stable gov’ts in Europe and new markets for American goods

Reunite Germany so it would be more productive

Encourage communism in other countries

Rebuild eastern European countries hurt during the war

Control eastern Europe to balance US power in western Europe

Keep Germany divided so it would not get too powerful again

Containment

The name of the US foreign policy during the start of the Cold War

We did not want to let communism spread, we wanted to contain it

Truman Doctrine The US would give money to Greece and

Turkey so they could fight off any attempt at a Communist take-over

Marshall Plan

Sec. Of State Marshall’s plan to give aid to any country whose people were suffering from poverty after the war

1946-1947: a terrible winter made things even worse for people who were struggling to rebuild after WWII

This made the US look like heroes and communism did not spread in Western Europe

US and USSR fight over Germany

US and USSR fight over Germany

After WWII, Germany was split into zones In an attempt to take over the American controlled part of

Berlin, Stalin closed off all access to the city Berlin Airlift: 327 days of British and American planes

flying over Berlin and dropping supplies to the people stuck in the city (food, fuel, medicine, Christmas presents, etc.)

By May 1949, Soviet Union admitted defeat and lifted the blockade

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland,

Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United States, and Canada

A military alliance: All these countries agreed that they would defend each other if one was attacked

Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined in the 1950s

NATO

It had a standing army of 500,000 troops so other countries did not want to attack members of NATO

Section 2

The Cold War Heats Up

China Becomes a Communist Country

Chiang Kai-shek:  nationalist leader supported by America ($3 billion)

Mao Zedong: Communist leader who led his side to victory and established a Communist government after the war

The nationalists led by Kai-shek fled to Taiwan; America and the UN refused to accept the Peoples

Republic of China (the communist government)

The Korean War

Japan controlled Korea 1910-1945 1945: Japan surrendered North of 38th Parallel

to Soviets and South of the 38th to Americans 1950: N. Korea led a sneak attack on S. Korea S. Korea asked UN for help; the Soviets

boycotted the UN because Taiwan was recognized, not the P.R.C.

Truman sent troops from occupied Japan to Korea

The Korean War

16 nations sent 520,000 troops to help S. Korea (90% were American)

590,000 S. Korean troops Troops were led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur The Chinese support the N. Koreans Both sides fought to hold the 38th Parallel

– 1951-1953: Peace talks last 2 years, war ends in stalemate Account:

http://books.google.com/books?id=NRt5lgErVJEC&lpg=PA203&ots=fYYO2M8zx4&dq=we%20were%20eyeball%20to%20eyeball...we%20couldn't%20move%20at%20all%20in%20the%20daytime%20without%20getting%20shot%20at&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q&f=true

MacArthur vs. Truman

MacArthur wanted to wage full

scale war against China Truman refused to go along with this idea MacArthur tried to go around Truman by talking to

the media and other politicians Truman fired MacArthur MacArthur was a WWII hero and many people

backed him – he came home to a hero’s welcome

26-3

The Cold War at Home

Fear of Communist Influence

Loyalty Review Board: a group that investigated gov’t workers and their possible disloyal behavior

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – investigated communist activity in the movie industry– Hollywood Ten: movie industry workers who refused

to testify because of their civil liberties– Blacklist: list of movie industry workers who were

suspected communists who couldn’t get work

Spy Cases

The secret of how to make an Atomic Bomb had been leaked to the Soviets by spies

Alger Hiss: was accused of spying by a convicted spy, no hard evidence, was convicted of perjury and sent to jail– Richard Nixon gained fame from prosecuting this case

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg: were implicated by a scientist of espionage (spying) and were sentenced to death even though they plead the 5th Amendment during their trial

Joseph McCarthy

Senator from Wisconsin Became famous for

accusing suspected communists in the State Dept and eventually the U.S. Army– Because he accused WWII

hero’s, people had enough of his tactics and was disgraced

26-4

Two Nations Live on the Edge

Brinkmanship

Our policy of being on the edge of all out war with the Soviets during the beginning of the Cold War

H-Bomb: hydrogen bomb; 67 times stronger than the A-Bomb dropped on Hiroshima

Dwight D. Eisenhower: President from 1953-1959

John Foster Dulles: Sec. of State under Eisenhower

Cold War Throughout the World

CIA: Central Intelligence Agency; investigated issues for the American government that occurred in other countries

Warsaw Pact: signed in 1953 as a formal alliance between the Soviet Union and eastern European countries

Suez War: 1955; Egypt tried to play the Soviet Union and USA against each other for control over the Suez Canal

Eisenhower Doctrine: the US will defend the Middle East against any attempt at Communist take-over

Cold War / Space Race

Nikita Khrushchev: took over the Soviet Union after Stalin’s death in 1953

Sputnik: The Soviet launched satellite that orbited the earth– This prompted America to invest heavily in our space

program and science \ math in public schools

U-2 Incident: When Francis Gary Powers was shot down over the Soviet Union in his U2 spy plane