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Transcript of Chapter 26
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Chapter 26
Africa and the Atlantic World
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History Mystery:
Written by historian Kenneth Pomeranz in his book “Economic Culture of Drugs”
“The fact is that historically, goods considered drugs, that is, products ingested, smoked, sniffed or drunk to produce an altered state of being, have been central to exchange and production…
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Drugs?
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Continued Quote… Written by historian Kenneth Pomeranz in his book
“Economic Culture of Drugs”
“In the seventeenth century affluent people all over the world began to drink, smoke and eat exotic plants that came from long distances. Coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco and sugar all became popular at roughly the same time… Before long, most the drug foods were being produced in new, distant parts of the world that Europeans had colonized… Colonial empires were built on the foundation of drug trades
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Altered State of Being?
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Cartoon by E.T. Parris showing English attitude towards sugar consumption
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Video Clip 1: An Introduction
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African states, 1500-1650
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Foundations of the Slave Trade African slavery dates to ancient times
War captives, criminals, people expelled from clans
Distinct from Asian, European slavery No private property, therefore wealth
defined by human labor potential, not land
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The Islamic Slave Trade
Dramatic expansion of slave trade with Arab traders on east coast
European demand on west coast causes demand to rise again
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Clip 2: Europeans and Existing Slave Trade
(start at 50 seconds in)
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King of Kongo and European Ambassadors
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Major Slave Trade Destinations
Red Sea – 6%Trans-Sahara – 19%East Africa &Indian Ocean – 6%Trans-Atlantic – 69%
Shaded areas show regionsmost slaves come from
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Destinations of African Slaves
50%
33%
12%
5%
CaribbeanBrazilCentral, South AmericaNorth America
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African Slaves in Plantation Societies Most slaves in tropical and subtropical
regions Later Mexico, Brazil, Caribbean and
Americas Sugar major cash crop
Later: tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee Plantations heavily dependent on slave labor
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The Triangular Trade
1. European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa
2. African slaves purchased and sent to Americas 3. Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned
to Europe
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The Atlantic slave trade, 1500-1800
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Clip 3: Triangular Trade
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The Middle Passage (Africa-Americas) Middle passage under horrific conditions
4-6 weeks Mortality initially high, often over 50%,
eventually declined to 5% Total slave traffic, 15th-18th c.: 12 million Approximately 3-4 million killed before
arrival
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African Slave Export per Year
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
16th c. 17th c. 18th c.
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Social Effects of Slave trade
Total African population expands due to importation of American crops
Yet millions of captured Africans removed from society, deplete regional populations
Distorted sex ratios result 2/3 of slaves male, 14-35 years of age Encouraged polygamy, women acting in traditionally
male roles
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Political Effects of Slave TradeWarfare increases Slaves for guns = leaders increase exports to maintain
control of European firearms Political authority in Africa becomes tied to slave raiding
Instability of Political Structures States develop and exist to sell their subjects and
enemies. Strong tribal/ethnic ties only security against enslavement.
little development nation-states, that could generate the resources needed to compete with Europe or the Islamic world.
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Regional Differences Caribbean, South America: African population
unable to maintain numbers because of: Malaria, yellow fever Brutal working conditions, sanitation, nutrition Gender imbalance
Constant importation of slaves
North America: less disease, more normal sex ratio Slave families encouraged as prices rise in 18th
century
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Diaspora is a Greek term that literally
means “scattering”.
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Sugar and Slavery:
A Look at Chocolate and Tea
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Reading the “Problem” “Every piece of material we use has been produced for
us by people we will never know” “historically, goods considered drugs… have been
central to exchange and production” “A growing taste for rare and stimulating commodities
had a transformative effect on the world and it’s people”
“European capital, American land, and African labor cam to be combined in a single international economic enterprise…[an] insatiable demand for sweets”
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Reading the “Background”
The Four Major Facts of Sugar1. Where does sugar grow?2. What does it take to grow it?3. How much is needed to make a profit?4. What makes sugar sellable?
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Background
“since sugar can in no way establish itself as a central source of carbohydrates in the human diet… it requires export outlets if it is to flourish”
“the use of sugar as a sweetener of newly popular beverages (coffee, cocoa, tea) became common…”
“what set sugar apart was its character as an agro-industrial enterprise”
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Cacao
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What Cacao Tastes Like…
Among the products usually added to cacao beverages were spices like black pepper, vanilla, and chili pepper
Because of its bitter flavor, it took time for the Spanish and other Europeans to develop a taste for chocolate.
Tasting #1
But to make money off chocolate trading Europeans needed to add sugar and milk to counteract the natural bitterness
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The Spread of Chocolate
Eventually cacao was common in Europe… but the sugar needed to sell chocolate was essential.
The British were responsible, in 1728 for the first clubs exclusively for fans of chocolate, and above all for the development of the chocolate bar
The father of British chocolate is John Cadbury (1801-1889). In 1824, Cadbury opened his first coffee, tea and chocolate shop.
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The Cadbury Chocolate Factory
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Now, What about tea?
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Tea Fields in China
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Tea Reaches Europe in the 1600s At first there was a high cost of the tea (over
$100 per pound) which immediately made it the domain of the wealthy. Slowly, as the amount of tea imported increased, the price fell as the amount of tea grew. Initially it was available to the public in shops along with such rare and new spices as ginger and sugar
As the craze for things from Asia swept Europe, tea became part of the way of life.
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Tea Mania:
Tea mania swept across England as it had earlier spread throughout France and Holland. Tea importation rose from 40,000 pounds in 1699 to an annual average of 240,000 pounds by 1708. Tea was drunk by all levels of society.
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Fresh Picked Leaves
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Add Some Sugar…
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Where Sugar Grows
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Clip 4: Olaudah Equiano
Document # 10