CHAPTER 25

SECTION 1THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• Industrial Revolution

• Farmers

• Refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700’s

• Enclosures were larger fields that landowners could experiment with more productive seeding.

• Enclosures had two improvements1. Landowners tried new agricultural methods2. Large landowners forced small farmers to

become tenant farmers or give up farming all together

– Jethro Tull: invented the seed drill- sow seed in well spaced rows at specific depths.

• Crop rotation

• Supplies increased

• Method taken from medieval three-field system, way of restoring the nutrients in the soil every year by planting different kinds of crops in the field

• England’s population grew which boosted demand for food and goods.

Industrialization

• Process of developing machine production of goods, which required resources– Water power and coal to fuel the new machines– Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and

buildings– Rivers for inland transportation– Harbors from which merchant ships set sail.

Support of Industrialization

• Britain’s expanding economy• Businesspeople invested in the manufacture

of new inventions• Banking system invested• Parliament passed the factors of production.

Resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required. Land, Labor, and Capital (Wealth)

Inventions Spur Industrialization

• Spinning Wheel

• Water Frame

• James Hargreaves invented the Jenny, which allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time.

• Richard Arkwright invented this waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels

• Spinning Mule

• Factories

• Samuel Crompton combined features from spinning jenny and water frame. Made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent.

• Built near rivers and streams for power source. Textiles set up machines in these large buildings

Improvements in Transportation

• James Watt

• Matthew Boulton

• Mathematical instrument maker figured out a way to make steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel

• Entrepreneur who organized, managed, takes on the risk of a business. Paid Watt to make better engines

• Robert Fulton

• Road Transportation

• American inventor built steamboat call the Clermont. Made first successful trip in 1807. Traveled up and down New York’s Hudson River.

• John McAdam developed “macadam” to make moving on roads much easier without sinking. Roads were called Turnpikes cause they had to pay tolls before traveling further.

The Railway Age Begins

• Richard Trevithick

• George Stephenson

• 1804, built steam-driven locomotive

• Built first railroad line of 27 miles from Yorkshire coalfields to port of Stockton on the North Sea.

• Liverpool-Manchester Railroad

• Railroads impact

• Called the Rocket. 5 engines and traveled 24mph.

• Manufacturers cheap way to transport goods.

• Created hundreds and thousands of jobs.

• Boosted England’s agricultural & fishing industries

• People took distant jobs

SECTION 2

INDUSTRIALIZATION

Setting the Stage

• Industrialization led to better quality of life• Caused human suffering• Created plenty of jobs• Unhealthy working conditions• Air & water pollution• Child Labor• Class Tension between Working Class &

Middle Class

Industrialization Changes Life

• Higher wages• Heat their homes• Better food• Better clothing

Industrial Cities Rise

• Factories shifted people into cities• 47 European cities had over 100,000 people• Urbanization- city building and the movement

of people to cities

• London was most important city– 1 million people– Largest European city

Other cities like Birmingham & Sheffield became iron-smelting centers. Leeds & Manchester dominated textile manufacturing. Manchester also was Britain’s bustling cotton industry.

Living Conditions

• No development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes.

• Lacked housing, education, & police protection.

• Unpaved streets with no drains & no garbage collection

• Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters with whole families in one bedroom.

• Sickness was widespread • Epidemics of deadly disease cholera• Life span of 17 years in city for working class

compared to 38 in rural areas

Working Conditions

• 14 hour days – 6 days a week• Injuries caused by machines• Most dangerous work was in coal mines

William Cooper’s Work Day

• Age 10• 4am- wake up• 5am- get to factory• 12noon- 40 minutes for

lunch• 3pm- children begin

getting tired and whipped by overseers

• 6pm- No break for dinner

• 9pm- work ended

• 16 hour shift

Class Tensions Grow

• Middle Class- skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

• Transformed the social structure of Great Britain

• Upper middle class- government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers of factories, mines and shops

• Lower middle class- factory overseers, toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers

The working class

• Working class saw little improvement in their living

• Aggravated by machines that replaced them sometimes destroyed the machines. This group of people were called Luddites

Effects of Industrialization

• Working Conditions– Created new jobs– Factories were dirty, unsafe & dangerous– Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline– Long Term Effect?

• Social Classes– Factory workers were overworked & underpaid– Overseers and skilled workers rose to lower

middle class. Factory owners & merchants formed upper middle class

– Upper class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were

– Long Term Effect?

• Size of Cities– Factories brought job seeker to cities– Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled– Many cities specialized in certain industries– Long Term Effect?

• Living Conditions– Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls– Housing, water, and social service were scarce– Epidemics swept through the city– Long Term Effect?

SECTION 3

INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS

Industrial Development in the United States

• Textile industry was the start• Samuel Slater emigrated to U.S and built

spinning machine from memory in 1789• Moses Brown opened first factory in

Pawtucket, Rhode Island– Produced only one part of finished cloth-the

thread

• 1813- Francis Cabot Lowell- mechanized every stage in manufacture cloth. Town named after him when he died-Lowell, Massachusetts

• Single women flocked to become mill girls in factory towns. Higher wages and independence.

• Shoemaking and clothing also underwent mechanization.

• Agricultural

• Technological Boom

• U.S. remained primarily agricultural until Civil War ended in 1865.

• Late 1800’s. Wealthy natural resources (oil, coal, iron), burst of inventions (electric light bulb, telephone), increase in urban population that consumed new manufactured goods.

• Railroads

• Stock

• corporation

• Cities like Chicago & Minneapolis expanded rapidly

• Certain rights of ownership of a company to raise money

• Business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

• Big Business • Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller) & Carnegie Steel Company (Andrew Carnegie) sought to control every aspect of their own industries in order to make big profits.

Continental Europe Industrializes

• Belgium • Adopted Britain’s new technology. Rich deposits of iron ore, coal, and waterways.

• William Cockerill carried secret plans for building spinning machinery. Son built enormous industrial enterprise which included steam engines & railway locomotives

• Germany • Around 1835, Germany begins to copy British model.

• Built railroads that linked its manufacturing cities with coal & iron ore deposits..

• Economic strength enabled military to grow into a giant.

• Bohemia- spinning industry

• Spain’s Catalonia- processed more cotton than Belgium

• Northern Italy- mechanized its textile production, specializing in silk.

• Moscow & St. Petersburg- Serf labor factories

• France- agricultural economy remained strong. Avoided great social & economic problems until 1850 when industrialization really started to move in forward in France

• Other countries did not industrialize because of transportation problems.

The Impact of Industrialization

• Industrialization Revolution shifted the world balance of power

• Widened the wealth gap between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries.

• Industrialized countries looked at nonindustrialized countries for steady supply of materials (aka food)

• Imperialism- policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands, gave even more power and wealth to these already wealthy nations.

• Industrialization created Imperialism, the need for resources to supply the factories

• Industrialization Transformed Society– Population, health, wealth all dramatically rose– Developed middle class– Democratic participation