Chapter 25 Land Empires in

the Age of Imperialism, 1800-

1870

The Ottoman Empire

Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, 1798-1840 In 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt and

defeated the Mamluk.

Returned to France. In 1801 French forces withdrew, leaving ________ in control of the new Egyptian state.

French practices

Ibrahim invaded Syria and started similar reforms there.

Ali ruled until 1849

– Family 1952

Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807-1853

Sultan Selim III introduced European reform

– Military, central government, taxation, and land tenure

– These reforms led to opposition from the Janissaries

– Serbian peasants helped defeat the Janissary uprising and went on to make Serbia independent of the Ottoman Empire

Selim’s other opponents, ulama distrusted his reforms. Why?

– Suspends reform but was executed

Greek independence 1829

– Triumph for European civilization

Allies:

Sultan Mahmud II

– Uses popular outrage to reform

New army

Elimination of Janissaries

Reduction of religious elites

Tanzimat reforms

–Abdul Mejid 1839

Tanzimat – European Reform

French and German training

General education

Foreign instructors

Language

Education stimulated urban wealth

Clothing

Equal taxation

Equal access to courts for all males

– Women Forced women to give up inheritance to

husbands

Competition

The Crimean War and Its Aftermath 1853-1856

Russian’s southward expansion led to the Crimean War w/ the Ottoman Empire

– Enemies:

– Loss blocked expansion

into the Middle East and

Eastern Europe

Significant changes

– Russian government discredited

– French and English propaganda

Turk-French unity

– Warfare

Modernized

Percussion caps and breech-loading rifles

Machine guns

Railways to transfer weapons

Trench warfare

Ottoman changes – Continuation of European model

Urbanization

Wage labor classes

– Problems Fiscal problems

Foreign loans

Trade deficit

inflation

In the 1860s and 1870s discussion of a law that would have permitted all men to vote left Muslims worried that the Ottoman Empire was no longer a Muslim society. This worry may have contributed to Muslim hostilities against Christians in the Ottoman territories in Europe, Armenia, and the Middle East.

Young Ottomans

– Constitutionalism

– Liberal reform

– Turkish national state

– In 1876 a ____ was granted but a coup placed a more ______ ruler on the throne;

Result:

The Russian Empire

Russia and Europe

In 1700, only __% lived in cities; very slow development of infrastructure and transportation.

What prevented development of western modernization?

Russia and Asia

At end of 18th century, Russian Empire extended from ____ Ocean to _____.

In the 19th century expansion brought conflict with: China, Japan, Iran, and Ottoman Empire.

______ took steps to prevent Russia from gaining control of all of Central Asia.

Cultural Trends

Contact with Russia since late 17th century.

Opposition to reform came from wealthy families fearing imperial despotism.

Penalties from Crimean War

Developed cultural relations with Europe while the Ottoman would ultimately succumb to European imperialism.

The Qing Empire

Economic and Social Disorder, 1800-1839

When Qing conquered China in 1600s, they restored peace and promoted expansion of agricultural economy thus…

Population strain

– Itinerant farmhands,

laborers, and merchants

Discontent in Qing China

– Minorities

– Government

– Foreign merchants

– Manifested in a series of rebellions

White Lotus rebellion (1794-1804)

The Opium War and Its Aftermath, 1839-1850 Qin did not take British seriously or the

growth of opium trade propagated in China.

– Banned in 1839

– Lin Zenxu was sent

to Canton to deal with matter.

– Opium War (1939-44)

ended with the Treaty of Nanking.

The Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864

Guangxi providence

– Poor farmers

– Poverty

– Ethnic divisions

Hakka

“Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”

– Hong Xiuquan; Canton

– Recruits

– Captured Nanjing in 1853

– Fell to Chinese/British/French

– Legacy:

20-30 million deaths

Depopulation

Massive destruction of

Property and land

Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire, 1864-1875 ____ led to the Tongzhi Restoration.

Reform modeled after _____.

Aristocrats

Unable to prevent the Qing Empire from disintegrating into a set of large power zones in which provincial governors exercised real authority.