Chapter 25 Africa and the Atlantic World 1.. African States, 1500-1650 2.
-
Upload
clementine-farmer -
Category
Documents
-
view
232 -
download
4
Transcript of Chapter 25 Africa and the Atlantic World 1.. African States, 1500-1650 2.
Chapter 25
Africa and the Atlantic World
1.
African States, 1500-1650
2
The States of West Africa and East Africa Developed over the eighth to the sixteenth centuries Kingdom of Ghana (9th century to 13th century)
Not related to modern state of Ghana (further north and in the interior, not on the coast)
Tran-Saharan gold and salt trading
nation was source of wealth; used camels Accounts of Arabic-speaking traders
describe the kingdom Becomes fully Muslim by 1100s;
declines and become incorporated into
the Mali Empire
3
Kingdom of Ghana
The States of West Africa and East Africa Mali Empire (13th-16th century)
Grew along the Niger River Valley Traded gold, salt, copper, and slaves Military power was based on
semi-professional army; relied on
archers, some with poisoned arrows Muslim religion mixed with traditional ancestor worship
Songhay Empire (1464-1591) Expands in the early 1500s as Mali Empire declines; trading city of Gao is
its capital Sunni Ali (r. 1464-1493) created effective army and navy that patrolled the
Niger River; brought other cities like Timbuktu under control All emperors are Muslim and even create an Islamic university at Timbuktu Musket-bearing Moroccan army destroys Songhay forces in 1591; a series
of regional city-states exert local control in the void left by Songhay decline
4
Swahili Decline in East Africa
Portuguese Vasco da Gama
skirmishes with Africans on
eastern coast, 1497-1498, on his
way to India. Portuguese fleet returns in 1502,
and forces Swahili city-state of
Kilwa to pay tribute By 1505, Portuguese gunships
dominate the black Muslim,
Swahili-speaking ports of the East African coast.
5
Portuguese image of Kilwa made some time before 1572
Swahili Decline in East Africa
East African Cities of the 1500s
6
The Kingdom of Kongo
Relations with Portuguese beginning 1483 King Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I, r. 1506-1542)
converts to Roman Catholicism Useful connection with Portuguese interests Viewed Christianity as supporting royal rule Christian saints align with many traditional Kongolese
spirits A zealous convert, Afonso attempted to convert
population at large
7
The King of Kongo and European Ambassadors
8
Slave Raiding in Kongo
Initial Portuguese attempts at slave raiding Soon discovered it is easier to trade weapons for
slaves provided by African traders Dealt with several authorities besides Kongo
Kongo kings appeal without success to slow, but not eliminate, slave trade (especially in regard to the enslavement of nobles of his family)
Relations deteriorate, Portuguese attack Kongo and decapitate king in 1665
Improved slave market develops in the south
9
The Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola)
Ndongo gains wealth and independence from Kongo by means of Portuguese slave trade
But Portuguese influence resisted by Queen Nzinga (r. 1623-1663) Posed as male king, with male concubines in female dress
attending her
Nzinga establishes temporary alliance with Dutch in unsuccessful attempt to expel Portuguese Decline of Ndongo power after her death Ndongo becomes the Portuguese colony of Angola (they do not
withdraw until 1975)
10
The Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola)
Queen Nzinga Meeting with Europeans in 1657
11
Regional Kingdoms in South Africa
Chieftains in South develop trade with Swahili city-states of the east coast
Great Zimbabwe: Great walled city-state that dominated gold-producing area of the modern-day state Zimbabwe from roughly 1100 to 1400.
Dutch build Cape Town in 1652, and become increasingly involvement with southern African politics Encounter Khoikhoi people (often called “Hottentots” by
Europeans) British colonies also develop and eventually compete with
Dutch settlments
12
Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa
Pre-Islamic paganism involved animism and ancestor worship
Islam develops in commercial centers Timbuktu becomes major center of Islamic
scholarship by sixteenth century African traditions and beliefs blended into Islam Islam often changed gender relations and
standards of female modesty
13
The Fulani
Began as a nomadic pastoral people of West Africa who had moved into cities by the 1600s
Started a movement to impose strict adherence to Islamic norms
Around 1680, the Fulani begin military campaigns to enforce sharia in West Africa
Their influence extended to south as well
14
Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa
Like African Islam, Christian practice was syncretic with African beliefs
The Antonian movement flourished in the early eighteenth century Founded by Dona Beatriz, a charismatic Kongolese noblewoman,
who claimed she was possessed by the spirit of St. Anthony of Padua (13th-century Franciscan monk and patron saint of Portugal)
She promotes distinctly African Christianity Jesus was a black man Kongo was the holy land Heaven was for Africans
Christian missionaries persuade King Pedro IV of Kongo to burn Dona Beatriz at the stake
15
Social Change in Early Modern Africa
Trade with Europeans brings new goods to Africa New crops from Americas
South American manioc (cassava) becomes the staple bread flour (must be boiled; raw cassava has considerable amount of cyanide)
New World crops peanuts and maize become important supplements to Sub-Saharan crops of bananas, yams, rice, and millet
Increased food supply boosts overall population growth despite heavy losses via the slave trade
16
Population Growth in Africa
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1500 1600 1700 1800
Millions
17
Foundations of the Slave Trade
Slavery in Sub-Saharan Africa dates to antiquity, well before Europeans arrive War captives, criminals, debtors, and people expelled
from clans were made into slaves Distinct from Asian and European slavery
No private property, therefore wealth defined by human labor potential, not land: status in kinship network
Slaves often assimilated into owner’s clan, especially a woman who gave birth to a child for the family
18
The Islamic Slave Trade
After eighth century, Muslim traders created a much bigger demand for slaves, bringing them back to the Middle East and Mediterranean for sale
African peoples acquired slaves by raiding villages, and then selling them to Arab traders on Swahili coast or at trans-Saharan trading depots
Arab traders depend on African infrastructure to maintain supply
European demand on west coast caused demand to rise to even greater heights
19
The Early Slave Trade
Portuguese raid west African coast in 1441, take twelve men and meet with stiff resistance.
Discover it is less risky to buy slaves from African dealers rather than take them by force.
1460: By this time Portuguese traders bought 500 slaves per year and sold them to work as miners, porters, domestic servants in Spain and Portugal
1520: 2,000 per year to work in sugarcane plantations in the Americas
20
Slaves at Work in a New World Mine
21
The Triangular Trade
1) European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa
2) African slaves purchased and sent to Americas
3) Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe
Each leg of this voyage was not usually carried out by the same ship. For example, by the late 1700s, slave ships were specialized to carry only human cargo.
22
The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500-1800
23
The Middle Passage (Africa to Americas) African captors force-marched slaves from the interior to
holding pens at coast
24
Nineteenth-century drawing of enslaved African war captives being marched
The Middle Passage (Africa to Americas) Spanish first bring slaves directly from Africa to Caribbean in
1518 (some may have arrived via Portuguese as early as 1501) Portuguese brought slaves directly from Kongo and Angola to
Brazil by the 1530s Middle passage under horrific conditions:
4-6 weeks (shortest passage was to Brazil) Cramped quarters; high rates of disease; extreme
temperatures and dampness in ships’ holds; adult males were put in chains; horrible smell
Mortality initially high, often over 50% in the 1500s and 1600s, eventually declined to 5% by late 1700s
25
The Middle Passage (Africa to Americas) Total slave traffic, 1500s to 1800s: twelve million Approximately four million die before arrival Competition between European slave-trading nations:
1500s: Trade dominated by Portuguese 1600s: Competition between Portugal, Spain, England France,
Netherlands 1650: Netherlands briefly becomes dominant slave trading nation 1700s: Trade dominated by the British (Liverpool, Bristol, and
London merchants)
26
Average Yearly Volume of African Slave Exports by Century
27
Impact on African Regions
Rwanda and Bugunda of the Great Lakes region and the Masai and Turkana herding peoples of the eastern plains escape the effects of the slave trade being far from the west coast slave ports
Some societies benefited economically from slave trade: Asante, Dahomey, and Oyo peoples
These slave trading states became despised by neighboring peoples
28
Social Effects of Slave Trade
Total African population expands due to importation of American crops
Yet millions of captured Africans removed from society, deplete regional populations
Distorted sex ratios result Two-thirds of slaves were male, 14-35 years of age Less males encouraged polygamy and women acting in
traditionally male roles
29
Political Effects of Slave Trade
Introduction of firearms increases violence in pre-existing conflicts
More weapons, more slaves; more slaves, more weapons
Dahomey people create an entire army dedicated to slave trade
30
African Slaves in Plantation Societies Most slaves brought to tropical and subtropical regions First plantation established in Hispaniola (Haiti and
Dominican Republic) in 1516 Later Mexico, Brazil, Caribbean, and Americas Sugar was the first major cash crop
Later: tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee Plantations heavily dependent on slave labor Racial division of labor
31
Destinations of African Slavesfrom the 1500s to the 1800s
32
Regional Differences Caribbean, South America: African population
unable to maintain numbers through natural means Malaria, yellow fever Brutal working conditions, sanitation, nutrition Gender imbalance; tiny number of female slaves
Constant importation of slaves North America: less disease, more balanced sex
ratio Slave families encouraged as prices for slaves rise in
eighteenth century
33
Resistance to Slavery Working slowly for masters Sabotaging plantation equipment (plows or sugar refining
equipment) Flight to maroon settlements in mountains, swamps, or jungles
outside of the reach of colonial authority New World Slave Revolts (not a complete list!)
Danish West Indies in 1733 Stono Rebellion in South Carolina in 1739 Tacky’s War in Jamaica in 1760 Dutch Guyana in 1763 St. Domingue in 1791 (Haiti founded in 1804) Gabriel Prosser’s Revolt in Virginia in 1800 Denmark Vesey’s Revolt in South Carolina in 1822 Nat Turner’s Revolt in Virginia in 1831 Multiple revolts in Cuba across the 1800s
34
Slave Revolts
Only one successful revolt French-controlled Saint-Domingue (1791-1804) Renamed Haiti
Elsewhere, revolts outgunned by Euro-American firepower
Vicious suppression of revolts, especially in places like the Caribbean where slaves greatly outnumbered whites
35
African-American Culture Diversity of African cultures concentrated in slave population; slaves in the
same ship often could not even speak to each other. No sense of “African” identity before arrival in the Americas.
African American culture blends many different African cultures Creole Languages: Gullah (coastal South Carolina) and Geechee (coastal
Georgia). African-based languages survived to a greater degree in places that had high slave concentrations and minimal contact with Europeans; otherwise slaves adapted European language adapted with African influences.
Religion: Christianity adapted to incorporate African traditions; religions like Voudou in Haiti, Santeria in Cuba, and Candomblé in Brazil blend Christianity and African beliefs
Music: Much of American popular music blends African rhythms with Anglo-Irish melodies: spirituals, blues, jazz, soul, hip hop, rock, etc.
Foodways: Southern cooking and New Orleans cuisine especially blends African traditions and ingredients with European ones, as in gumbo.
36
The Abolition of Slavery
Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797), former slave author’s best-selling autobiography Humanized the trauma caused by slavery Some evidence he was born in South
Carolina rather than Benin Economic costs of slavery increase
Military expenses to prevent rebellions Late Eighteenth Century: Price of sugar
falls while the price of slaves rise. Wage labor becomes perceived as
more efficient Wage-earners can spend income on
manufactured goods, while slavescannot
37
End of the Slave Trade
Abolition of Atlantic Slave Trade 1803 – Denmark 1807 – Great Britain 1808 – United States (20 year period mandated by Constitution expires;
internal domestic trade between states still allowed) 1814 – France 1817 – Netherlands 1845 - Spain
Possession of slaves remains legal Clandestine trade continues to 1867 (some New York
City merchants were involved with the trade, even during the Civil War)
38
Toward Emancipation
Abolition of Slavery 1833 – British Colonies (owners are compensated by the government) 1848 – French and Danish Colonies (compensated) 1863 – Netherlands (compensated) 1865 – United States (with a bloody civil war; no compensation) 1886 – Cuba (a law in 1880 made slaves indentured servants) 1888 - Brazil (by royal decree; institution was in decline)
Saudi Arabia and Angola continue slavery as a legal institution until the 1960s
Many experts consider the varieties of human trafficking that still exist modern forms of slavery
39