Chapter 25:New Worlds:

Americas & Oceania

Aim: What were the long and short term impact of European "discovery" & interaction of the "New World" and its inhabitants?

Do Now:

• What were the differences between the manner in which Europeans pursued their colonial ambitions, and what were the lasting consequences of those differences?

Aim: Why did Europeans resort to the creation of colonial society in the Americas?

Do Now: Actively read "The Holy Herb Nicotine".

• As you read, write what's going through your minds.

• Based on what we know of nicotine today, and with all of the new laws that are sweeping the country today pertaining to the above listed "drug," yes, that's precisely what it is, like crack cocaine, weed, and varying dangerous drugs, why do you think the U.S. has done everything but ban it outright? Think prior to answering.

4

The Spanish Caribbean• Spanish mariners meet indigenous Tainos

(Arawaks)• Originally from Orinoco River valley in South America, settled in Caribbean in late centuries BCE through 900 CE

• Columbus uses Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican Republic) as base for trading with Tainos

• Disappointed that Tainos had no spices, silks

• Recruit locals to mine gold instead• Encomienda: Forced labor

The Colonial Encomienda System

Peninsulares Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Native Indians Black Slaves

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From Mining to Plantation Agriculture• Tainos occasionally rebel, but outgunned

by Spanish military technology• Smallpox epidemics begin 1518

• Spaniards launch raids to kidnap and replace workers, spread disease further

• Taino society disappears by middle of 16th century

• Limited gold production causes new interest in exploiting Caribbean for sugarcane production• Requires massive importation of slaves

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Conquest of Mexico and Peru• Spanish conquerors (conquistadores)

explore other territories• Hernán Cortés and 450 men bring down

Aztec empire in Mexico (1519-1521)• Smallpox destroys besieged Tenochtitlan

• Francisco Pizarro and 600 men bring down Inca empire in Peru (1532-1533)• Calls conference of warring Inca rulers, massacres them all

The Invasion Route of Cortes

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Spanish Colonial Administration• Conquests of Mexico, Peru not the result of

imperial policy, but inspired greater efforts to expand Spanish empire

• Spanish administration based in New Spain (Mexico) and New Castile (Peru), extended to Florida and Buenos Aires• Mexico city built atop Tenochtitlan, founded Lima in Peru

• Viceroys rule, but supervised by local courts called audiencias designed to prevent buildup of local power bases

• Considerable dispute with Spanish homeland

European Explorations

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Portuguese Brazil• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divides

entire (non-Christian) world between Spain and Portugal

• Portugal claims Brazil• Little interest at first, but increases as

other imperial powers take notice• Exploited for sugarcane production

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

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Settler Colonies in North America• Spanish towns, forts, missions on east

coast of North America, some on west coast

• Dislodged in 17th century by French, English, Dutch mariners

• Permanent colonies in North America• France: Nova Scotia (1604), Quebec (1608)

• England: Jamestown (1607), Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)

• Netherlands: New Amsterdam (1623)• English take it in 1664, rename it New

York

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European

Empires and

colonies in the

Americas

about 1700

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Colonial Government• Exceptionally difficult conditions

•Starvation rampant, cannibalism occasionally practiced

• French, English private merchants invest heavily in expansion of colonies

• Greater levels of self-government than Spanish and Portuguese colonies

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Relations with Indigenous Peoples• North American peoples loosely

organized, migratory•Unlike Aztec, Inca empires

• European colonists stake out forested land, clear it for agriculture

• Increasing number of Europeans arrive seeking ample land: 150,000 from England in 17th century

 

E. Napp

Aim: What impact did European “discovery”/colonialism have on natives and others?

Do Now: • Questions for Reflection• Define mercantilism.• How did European nations increase their wealth and power?• Define capitalism.• Why did individuals invest in Joint stock companies?• What was “Triangular” trade?• What was the relationship between a mother country and a

colony?

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Conflict with Indigenous Peoples• Colonists displace indigenous

peoples, trespass on hunting grounds• English settlers negotiate treaties,

poorly understood by natives• Military conflict frequent

•Natives also devastated by epidemic disease

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North American Populations

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

1500 1800

NativeEuropeanAfrican

Triangular Trade and the Atlantic Slave Trade

Atlantic Slave Trade•The Atlantic slave trade was started in the 1500s to fill the need for labor in Spain’s American empire.

• Each year, traders shipped tens of thousands of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to work on tobacco and sugar plantations in the Americas.

Atlantic Slave Trade•Europeans relied on African rulers and traders to seize captives in the interior and bring them to coastal trade posts and fortresses.

• The slave trade intensified as the demand for slaves increased in the Americas and the demand for luxury goods increased in Africa.

Atlantic Slave Trade• The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged

trade network know as the triangular trade.

Destinations of Enslaved AfricansWhat country imported the most slaves? Which imported the fewest?

The Middle Passage• Hundreds of men, women and children crammed on one vessel

• “Floating Coffins”• Dying from disease or brutal mistreatment

• Few of the Africans who resisted lived to see the end of their journey

Impact of the Slave Trade• By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas. Another 2 million probably died during the Middle Passage.

• The slave trade caused the decline of some African states. The loss of countless numbers of young women and men resulted in some small states disappearing forever.

• New African states arose whose way of life depended on the slave trade. The rulers of these new states waged war against other Africans in order to gain control of the slave trade in their region.

Commercial Revolution

• Opening trade with Asia, Africa and America changed (revolutionized) Europe’s economy:

1. Inflation caused by• growth in population = increase in demand for goods and

services• because goods were scarce, sellers could raise their prices• by mid-1500s silver and gold were everywhere and rulers

were using it to make coins – thus an increased amount of money in circulation

• combine this with scarcity of goods and prices will rise

Growth of Capitalism2. Expanded trade and push for overseas empires spurred the

growth of capitalism• entrepreneurs and capitalists wanted more money• they made up a new business class devoted to making profits• this changed the local European economy into an international trading

system

Summary of Commercial Revolution• How did the Commercial Revolution change Europe’s

economy?• Prices rose (inflation)• A new business class (entrepreneurs) was created ….capitalism• The goal of European economies changes from agrarian base to

CASH based (mercantilism)

Mercantilism3. Basic Ideas behind mercantilism:

• Nation’s wealth based on its gold and silver treasure• Must export more goods than imported• Colonies existed for benefit of parent country

• Provide raw materials and resources• Provide a market for selling manufactured goods• Colonies could ONLY buy from parent country

Effects on Ordinary People• Nobility/Upper Class

• Wealth came from land, not cash• Could not raise money to pay higher costs for luxury goods

• Middle Class (Merchants)• Investments led to increased wealth• Grew powerful in cities• Enjoyed comfortable living

Effects on Ordinary People• Peasants/Laborers/Lower Class

• Wages did not keep up with inflation• Peasants reluctant to grow new crops• City laborers forced to live in poverty

Food for Thought• Before the Columbian Exchange, there were

• no oranges in Florida• no bananas in Ecuador• no paprika in Hungary• no tomatoes in Italy• no pineapples in Hawaii• no cattle in Texas• no chile peppers in Thailand and India• no cigarettes in France• no chocolate in Switzerland

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The Formation of Multicultural Societies• European, African migrants primarily men• Relationships with native women formed• Mestizo (mixed) societies formed

• People of Spanish and native parentage• Descendants of Spaniards and African slaves (“mulattoes”)

• Descendants of African slaves and natives (“zambos”)

• Less pronounced in Peru

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The Social Hierarchy• Race-based hierarchy• Top: peninsulares, i.e. migrants from

Iberian peninsula• Criollos (creoles), i.e. children of

migrants• Mestizos, mulattoes, zambos, other

combinations of parentage• Bottom: slaves, conquered peoples

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North American Societies• Higher ratio of French, English female

migrants than in South America• Higher social stigma attached to

relationships with natives, African slaves

• Fur traders have relationships with North American native women•Children: métis

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• Hunt for gold and silver• Conquistadores loot Aztec, Inca treasures and melt them down for their value as raw precious metals

• Gold not extensive in Spanish holdings, but silver relatively plentiful• Extensive employment of natives

• Incan mita system of conscripted labor• Dangerous working conditions

• Eventually assimilate into Spanish culture• 1/5 reserved for crown (quinta), hugely profitable

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Global Significance of Silver• Major resource of

income for Spanish crown

• Manila Galleons take it to the Pacific rim for trading

• Very popular with Chinese markets•Also trade in the Atlantic basin

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Manila galleon route and the lands of Oceania, 1500-1800

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The Hacienda• Large estates produce products of

European origin• Wheat, grapes, meat

• Encomienda system of utilizing native labor force

• Rampant abuses 1520-1540• Gradually replaced by debt patronage

• Peasants repay loans with cheap labor

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A Hacienda in Chile

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Resistance to Spanish Rule• Rebellion

• 1680 Pueblo Revolt• Led by Popè – 12 year success• 1780 Túpac Amaru rebellion

• 60,000 – 2 years, ends in failure• Half-hearted work• Retreat into mountains and forests• Appeal to Spanish crown

• 1,200 page letter of Guaman Poma de Ayala, 1615 - El Primer Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno (The First New Chronicle and Good Government)

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Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil• Sugar mill: engenho, refers to complex of

land, labor, etc. all related to production of sugar• Sugarcane to molasses, or refined to sugar for export

• Low profit margins, most complex industry in Americas

• Unlike Spanish system of forced native labor, Portuguese rely on imported African slaves• Natives continually evaded Portuguese forces

• Large-scale importing of slaves begins 1580s• Working conditions poor: 5-10% die annually• Approximately one human life per ton of sugar

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Fur Trading in North America• Indigenous peoples trade pelts for wool

blankets, iron pots, firearms, alcohol• Beaver hunts cause frequent incursions

into neighboring territories, conflicts• European settler-cultivators also displacing

natives from traditional lands• Albeit initially dependent on native assistance, as European grains did not grow well in many areas

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Development of Cash Crops• Products developed for European markets

• Tobacco - Jean Nicot• Rice• Indigo• Cotton

• Increases demand for imported slave labor• European indentured servants, 4-7 year terms• Chronically unemployed, orphans,

political prisoners and criminals

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Export of Tobacco from Virginia

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

1616 1624 1638

Pounds

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Slavery in North America• African slaves in Virginia from 1610• Increasingly replace European indentured

laborers, late 17th-early 18th centuries• Less prominent in north due to weak

nature of cash-crop industry• Slave trading still important part of economy

• Also, products made through slave labor• Rum, based on sugar from plantations

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Missionary Activity in the Americas• Franciscan, Dominican, Jesuit missionaries

from 16th century• Taught Christian doctrine, literacy• Often accumulated cultural knowledge to

better communicate their message• Bernardino de Sahagún

• Due to conquest and plague, many natives in Spanish America concluded that their gods had abandoned them, converted to Catholicism• Yet often retained elements of pagan religion in Christian worship

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The Virgin of Guadalupe

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French and English Missions• Less effective than Spanish missions

•Spaniards ruled native populations more directly

•Migration patterns of North American natives made it more difficult to conduct Missions

•English colonists little interest in converting natives

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Australia and the Larger World• Broadly similar experiences to American

natives• Portuguese mariners long in the region, but

Dutch sailors make first recorded sighting of Australia in 1606

• VOC surveys territory, conclude that it is of little value• Limited contact with indigenous peoples• Nomadic, fishing and foraging societies

• British Captain James Cook lands at Botany Bay, 1770• Convicts shipped to Australia, outnumber free settlers until 1830

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Pacific Islands and the Larger World• Manila Galleons interested in quick trade routes,

little exploration of Pacific• Islands of Guam and the Marianas significant, lay on trade routes

• 1670s-1680s took control of islands, smallpox destroys local population

• James Cook visits Hawai’i in 1778• Good relationship with Hawaiians• Sailors spread venereal disease• Cook not welcomed in 1779, killed in dispute over petty thefts