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Transcript of CHAPTER 22 The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 World Civilization: The Global Experience Fifth...
CHAPTER 22The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
World Civilization: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as LongmanCopyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The First Big Changes: Culture and CommerceII. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change III. The West by 1750
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce
A. A New SpiritFrancesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
Secular writing
B. The Italian Renaissance
Begins 14th, 15th centuriesIn northern Italy
ItalyUrbanizedMerchant classPolitical rivalry
Petrarch, BoccaccioUse ItalianSecular topics
PaintingUse of perspectiveShadow, distanceFocus on humans
Western Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce
B. The Italian RenaissanceMichelango Buonarotti
Leonardo da Vinci
Nicolo Machiavelli
HumanismLooking back to classical pastStudy of texts, especially ancient
C. The Renaissance Moves Northward
By 1500, impetus moves north
Northern RenaissanceFrance, Low Countries, England,
GermanyThence to eastern Europe
More concerned with religious mattersWilliam ShakespeareMiguel de Cervantes
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce
D. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations
1517, Martin Luther's challengeAttacks church institutionsBible the only authority
Vernacular translations
Protestant protest used for political gain
German opposition to the papacyRulers seize church lands
Henry VIIIEstablishes Anglican church
Jean CalvinCalvinism
Predestination
Catholic ReformationRenewalJesuits
MissionariesEducation
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce
E. The End of Christian Unity in the West
Religious WarsFrance
Calvinists v. Catholics1598, Edict of Nantes
Promises Protestants’ toleration
30 Years War (1618-1648)Devastating to GermanyNetherlands independent
Literacy increases
F. The Commercial Revolution Inflation, 16th century
Gold, silver from New WorldDemand outstrips supply
G. Social ProtestProletariat developsAttitudes towards poor changeProtestsWitchcraft hysteria
Western Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation
Map on p. 484
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change
A. Did Copernicus Copy?
Nicolai CopernicusPolish monkKnowledge of work of al-Urdi,
al-Tusi?Earlier Arab scientists
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change
B. Science: The New AuthorityNew instruments add to data
collectionGalileo Galilei
Uses Copernicus' work
Kepler’s observations confirm earlier work
William HarveyCirculatory system
MethodsFrancis Bacon
Empirical researchRené Descartes
SkepticismIsaac Newton
System of natural laws
DeismGod does not intervene with
nature
John LockeUse of reason
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change
C. Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies
17th century, medieval balance disrupted
France dominatesCentralized monarchyBureaucracy“Absolute monarchy"Louis XIV the best example
Nobles kept at court
Other absolute monarchsSpain, Prussia, Austria-HungaryTerritorial expansion
EnglandDifferenceCivil War
Parliament triumphant
Western Europe under Absolute Monarchies
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change
D. The Nation-StateDefinition
Common language, culture
National literature, songs, foods
Territorial aspect
Common allegiance
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The West by 1750
A. Political PatternsGreat change in central Europe
Frederick the Great of PrussiaReligious freedomState regulates economyOverseas commercial networks
Continual warfareFrance v. Britain
Rivalry over overseas territory
Prussia v. AustriaTerritorial conflicts
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The West by 1750
B. Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture
Scientific Revolution leads to Enlightenment
Scientific methods applied to other fields
General principlesPeople are goodReason the answerBelief in progress
Political scienceAdam Smith
Laissez-faire
CriminologySociety
Women's rightsProtection of childrenAttack inequities
Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The West by 1750
C. Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing
Mass consumerism
AgricultureNitrogen-fixing cropsStockbreedingSwamp drainagePotatoes, etc. introduced
Domestic systemHouseholds produce finished goods
D. Innovation and InstabilityChange becomes the norm